Device, method, and graphical user interface for collaborative editing in documents

ABSTRACT

A first electronic device maintains a directed acyclic graph to represent content collaboratively edited by the first device and one or more second devices of multiple collaborating devices. The first device receives one or more editing inputs from one or more devices of the multiple collaborating devices. The first device modifies the directed acyclic graph based on relationships between the editing inputs and existing content objects embodied in the directed acyclic graph, traverses the directed acyclic graph in accordance with a predetermined ordering rule to obtain an object sequence, and, if a first editing input of the one or more editing inputs modifies a first existing sketch content object represented in the directed acyclic graph, updates a command sequence associated with the first existing sketch content object by merging each individual drawing command included the first editing input with a command sequence associated with the first existing sketch content object.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/871,623, filed Sep. 30, 2015, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/172,225, filed Jun. 7, 2015,entitled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for CollaborativeEditing in Document”, both of which are incorporated by reference hereinin their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This relates generally to electronic devices, including but not limitedto electronic devices that providing collaborative document editingfunctions.

BACKGROUND

Collaborative document editing may be needed in a variety of contexts.Sometimes, multiple users may wish to concurrently access and makechanges to a single document from different devices and/or locations.Sometimes, the same user may wish to edit a document using multipledevices at different times and see the edits synchronized on alldevices.

Existing techniques for resolving conflicts between concurrent editsfrom multiple sources (e.g., devices and/or users) and synchronizationbetween multiple local versions of the same document (replicas) arecumbersome and inefficient. For example, some techniques requireexpensive network servers and architecture to maintain a centralauthoritative master copy of the document. Some techniques requirecomplicated locking mechanisms that increase user interface responsetime and negatively impact user experience. In addition, some of thesetechniques require Internet access, which means that synchronization maynot be available at all time for all devices.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, the present disclosure provides electronic devices withfaster, more efficient methods and interfaces for collaborative documentediting. Such methods and interfaces optionally complement or replaceconventional methods and interfaces for collaborative document editing.Such methods and interfaces reduce the burden on a user and produce amore efficient human-machine interface. Further, such methods reduce theprocessing power consumed to process user inputs, conserve power, reduceunnecessary/extraneous/repetitive inputs, and potentially reduce memoryusage. For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfacesconserve battery power and increase the time between battery charges.For some collaborative contexts, such methods and interfaces may alsosupport short-distance communication between devices without the needfor Internet access or a central server.

The methods and interfaces disclosed herein can be implemented ondifferent types of electronic devices. In some embodiments, the deviceis a desktop computer. In some embodiments, the device is portable(e.g., a notebook computer, tablet computer, or handheld device). Insome embodiments, the device has a touchpad. In some embodiments, thedevice has a touch-sensitive display (also known as a “touch screen” or“touch-screen display”). In some embodiments, the device has a graphicaluser interface (GUI), one or more processors, memory and one or moremodules, programs or sets of instructions stored in the memory forperforming multiple functions. In some embodiments, the user interactswith the GUI primarily through stylus and/or finger contacts andgestures on the touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, thefunctions optionally include image editing, drawing, presenting, wordprocessing, website creating, disk authoring, spreadsheet making, gameplaying, telephoning, video conferencing, e-mailing, instant messaging,workout support, digital photographing, digital videoing, web browsing,digital music playing, and/or digital video playing. Executableinstructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included ina non-transitory computer readable storage medium or other computerprogram product configured for execution by one or more processors.Alternatively, or in addition, executable instructions for performingthese functions are, optionally, included in a transitorycomputer-readable storage medium or other computer program productconfigured for execution by one or more processors. In some embodiments,the method and interfaces disclosed herein can also be implemented usingfunctional modules that are a combination of software and software.

In accordance with some embodiments, a method of maintaining aconsistent output based on concurrent textual edits received at multiplecollaborating devices is performed at an electronic device with adisplay. The electronic device is a first device of the multiplecollaborating devices. The method includes maintaining a directedacyclic graph to represent a textual string concurrently edited by thefirst device and at least a second device of the multiple collaboratingdevices. The directed acyclic graph includes a plurality of nodes eachrepresenting a respective character input received from one or more ofthe multiple collaborating devices. The directed acyclic graph furtherincludes multiple parallel paths each including at least one node thatrepresents a respective one of multiple concurrent character inputsreceived from distinct devices of the multiple collaborating devices.The method further includes topologically traversing the directedacyclic graph in accordance with a predetermined ordering rule todeterministically sort the plurality of nodes in the directed acyclicgraph into a string sequence. The method further includes displaying thetextual string in accordance with the deterministically obtained stringsequence.

In accordance with some embodiments, a method of maintaining aconsistent output based on concurrent drawing edits received at multiplecollaborating devices is performed at an electronic device with adisplay. The electronic device is a first device of the multiplecollaborating devices. The method includes maintaining a commandsequence for a drawing currently rendered at the first device. Thecommand sequence includes a plurality of past drawing commands sortedaccording to respective sequence numbers of the past drawing commands. Asequence number of a drawing command is defined by (1) a deviceidentifier for a device at which the drawing command was first received,(2) a primary local sequence number representing a local synchronizationepoch during which the drawing command was first received, and (3) asecondary local sequence number representing an order of the drawingcommand within the local synchronization epoch. The method furtherincludes receiving a plurality of additional drawing commands from twoor more devices of the multiple collaborating devices, each of theplurality of additional drawing commands having a respective sequencenumber. The method further includes updating the command sequence,including merging and sorting the plurality of additional drawingcommands and the plurality of past drawing commands in accordance withan ordering rule based on the respective sequence numbers of theplurality of past drawing commands and the plurality of additionaldrawing commands, wherein the ordering rule gives more significance tothe primary local sequence number than the device identifier, and givesmore significance to the device identifier than to the secondary localsequence number when comparing the respective sequence numbers. Themethod further includes re-rendering at least a portion of the drawingbased on the command sequence after updating the command sequence.

In accordance with some embodiments, a method of supportingcollaborative editing is performed at an electronic device with adisplay. The electronic device is a first device of multiplecollaborating devices. The method includes maintaining a directedacyclic graph to represent content collaboratively edited by the firstdevice and one or more second devices of the multiple collaboratingdevices. The directed acyclic graph includes a plurality of nodes eachrepresenting a respective content object that is created or edited byone or more of the multiple collaborating devices. Each node isconnected to at least one neighboring node by a respective directed edgein accordance with a relative positional order of the respective contentobjects represented by the node and the at least one neighboring node.At least a first node of the plurality of nodes represents a textualcontent object and at least a second node of the plurality of nodesrepresents a sketch content object. Each node representing acorresponding sketch content object is associated with a respectivecommand sequence used to create internal content of the correspondingsketch content object. The method further includes, during a respectivesynchronization period, receiving one or more editing inputs from one ormore devices of the multiple collaborating devices. The method furtherincludes modifying the directed acyclic graph based on relationshipsbetween the editing inputs and existing content objects embodied in thedirected acyclic graph. The method further includes traversing thedirected acyclic graph in accordance with a predetermined ordering ruleto obtain an object sequence. The method further includes determiningwhether the one or more editing inputs modifies an existing sketchcontent object represented in the directed acyclic graph. The methodfurther includes, in accordance with a determination that a firstediting input of the one or more editing inputs modifies a firstexisting sketch content object represented in the directed acyclicgraph, updating a command sequence associated with the first existingsketch content object by merging each individual drawing commandincluded the first editing input with the command sequence associatedwith the first existing sketch content object.

In accordance with some embodiments, a first electronic device includesa display unit configured to display a user interface and a processingunit coupled with the display unit. The processing unit is configured tomaintain a directed acyclic graph to represent a textual stringconcurrently edited by the first electronic device and at least a secondelectronic device of multiple collaborating devices. The directedacyclic graph includes a plurality of nodes each representing arespective character input received from one or more of the multiplecollaborating devices. The directed acyclic graph further includesmultiple parallel paths each including at least one node that representsa respective one of multiple concurrent character inputs received fromdistinct devices of the multiple collaborating devices. The processingunit is further configured to topologically traverse the directedacyclic graph in accordance with a predetermined ordering rule todeterministically sort the plurality of nodes in the directed acyclicgraph into a string sequence. The processing unit is further configuredto enable display of the textual string in accordance with thedeterministically obtained string sequence.

In accordance with some embodiments, a first electronic device includesa display unit configured to display a user interface and a processingunit coupled with the display unit. The processing unit is configured tomaintain a command sequence for a drawing currently rendered at thefirst electronic device. The command sequence includes a plurality ofpast drawing commands sorted according to respective sequence numbers ofthe past drawing commands. A sequence number of a drawing command isdefined by (1) a device identifier for a device at which the drawingcommand was first received, (2) a primary local sequence numberrepresenting a local synchronization epoch during which the drawingcommand was first received, and (3) a secondary local sequence numberrepresenting an order of the drawing command within the localsynchronization epoch. The processing unit is further configured toreceive a plurality of additional drawing commands from two or moredevices of multiple collaborating devices, each of the plurality ofadditional drawing commands having a respective sequence number. Theprocessing unit is further configured to update the command sequence,including merging and sorting the plurality of additional drawingcommands and the plurality of past drawing commands in accordance withan ordering rule based on the respective sequence numbers of theplurality of past drawing commands and the plurality of additionaldrawing commands. The ordering rule gives more significance to theprimary local sequence number than the device identifier, and gives moresignificance to the device identifier than to the secondary localsequence number when comparing the respective sequence numbers. Theprocessing unit is further configured to re-render at least a portion ofthe drawing based on the command sequence after updating the commandsequence.

In accordance with some embodiments, a first electronic device includesa display unit configured to display a user interface and a processingunit coupled with the display unit. The processing unit is configured tomaintain a directed acyclic graph to represent content collaborativelyedited by the first device and one or more second devices of themultiple collaborating devices. The directed acyclic graph includes aplurality of nodes each representing a respective content object that iscreated or edited by one or more of multiple collaborating devices. Eachnode is connected to at least one neighboring node by a respectivedirected edge in accordance with a relative positional order of therespective content objects represented by the node and the at least oneneighboring node. At least a first node of the plurality of nodesrepresents a textual content object and at least a second node of theplurality of nodes represents a sketch content object. Each noderepresenting a corresponding sketch content object is associated with arespective command sequence used to create internal content of thecorresponding sketch content object. The processing unit is furtherconfigured to, during a respective synchronization period, receive oneor more editing inputs from one or more devices of the multiplecollaborating devices. The processing unit is further configured tomodify the directed acyclic graph based on relationships between theediting inputs and existing content objects embodied in the directedacyclic graph. The processing unit is further configured to traverse thedirected acyclic graph in accordance with a predetermined ordering ruleto obtain an object sequence. The processing unit is further configuredto determine whether the one or more editing inputs modifies an existingsketch content object represented in the directed acyclic graph. Theprocessing unit is further configured to, in accordance with adetermination that a first editing input of the one or more editinginputs modifies a first existing sketch content object represented inthe directed acyclic graph, update a command sequence associated withthe first existing sketch content object by merging each individualdrawing command included the first editing input with the commandsequence associated with the first existing sketch content object.

In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes adisplay, one or more processors, memory, and one or more programs; theone or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to beexecuted by the one or more processors and the one or more programsinclude instructions for performing or causing performance of theoperations of any of the methods described herein. In accordance withsome embodiments, a computer readable storage medium (e.g., anon-transitory computer readable storage medium, or alternatively, atransitory computer readable storage medium) has stored thereininstructions which when executed by an electronic device with a display,cause the device to perform or cause performance of the operations ofany of the methods described herein. In accordance with someembodiments, an electronic device includes: a display and means forperforming or causing performance of the operations of any of themethods described herein. In accordance with some embodiments, aninformation processing apparatus, for use in an electronic device with adisplay, includes means for performing or causing performance of theoperations of any of the methods described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the various described embodiments,reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, inconjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numeralsrefer to corresponding parts throughout the figures.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction devicewith a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for eventhandling in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screenin accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu ofapplications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunctiondevice with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the displayin accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 5A-5H illustrate exemplary user interfaces for providingcollaborative document editing (e.g., collaborative text editing) inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 6A-6P illustrate exemplary user interfaces for providingcollaborative document editing (e.g., collaborative sketch editing) inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 7A illustrates an exemplary user interface for providingcollaborative document editing (e.g., collaborative mixed text andsketch editing) in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 7B is a flow diagram illustrating a method of providingcollaborative document editing (e.g., collaborative mixed text andsketch editing) in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 8A-8D are flow diagrams illustrating a method of providingcollaborative document editing (e.g., maintaining a consistent outputbased on concurrent textual edits received at multiple collaboratingdevices) in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 9A-9C are flow diagrams illustrating a method of providingcollaborative document editing (e.g., maintaining a consistent outputbased on concurrent drawing/sketch edits received at multiplecollaborating devices) in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 10A-10F are flow diagrams illustrating a method of supportingcollaborative editing (e.g., collaborative mixed text and sketchediting) in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 11-13 are functional block diagrams of an electronic device inaccordance with some embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Collaborative editing of an electronic document (e.g., a word processingdocument, a note page, a sketch, a content page, etc.) may be carriedout by multiple users from multiple electronic devices or by the sameuser using multiple devices. The edits may be entered at differentdevices at the same time or at different times. Sometimes, editsreceived at different devices may coexist and be non-interfering of oneanother in a merged document; at other times, edits received atdifferent devices may affect the same portion of the document and raisea conflict in a merged document. Conflicting edits may be enteredconcurrently or at different times. Sometimes, collaborating devices arelocated in proximity to one another such that near-range communication(e.g., communication via Bluetooth or Infrared communication interfaces)may occur between the devices without using a Wide Area Network (WAN) orLocal Area Network (LAN). Sometimes, collaborating devices are locatedremotely from one another, and communicate with one another via a LAN ora WAN, or some other long-range network.

A mergeable content object data structure is disclosed herein for robustand simple collaborative content editing (e.g., collaborative editing oftext, sketch, or other types of content objects in the same document bytwo or more collaborating devices). In some embodiments, the mergeablecontent object data structure supports both long periods of offline useon multiple devices (e.g., by the same user or by multiple users) andlive editing collaboration on multiple devices. In some embodiments, themergeable content object data structure is used without any serverarchitecture to support a master copy or multiple versions of thecontent under collaborative editing.

A common method of implementing collaboration support is to propagateoperations initiated on one replica (e.g., a local copy of a documentresiding on one of the collaborating devices) to all other replicas(e.g., local copies of the same document residing on other collaboratingdevices). During each synchronization process, new operations arereplayed at each replica that receives the operations through thepropagation process. The problem is with this method is that adifference in the ordering of operations executed at different replicaswould result in different end results. In other words, inconsistentlocal copies of the document may be produced at different collaboratingdevices after the synchronization process.

In order to solve the above problem, conventionally, two techniques areused: (1) enforcing a total ordering across all replicas when all newoperations from all replicas have been received, and (2) usingOperational Transforms (OTs) which rewrite all operations so that theycan be executed out of order without causing a difference in the endresult. Unfortunately, the former technique is unsuitable for real-timecollaboration; and the latter technique is highly complex anderror-prone. Recently, algorithms based on Commutative Replicated DataTypes (CRDT) have emerged. These CRDT-based algorithms are designed sothat all operations commute at the data-structure level. Two examples ofrecent text CRDT algorithm are Logoot and TreeDoc.

Operational Transforms have the advantage of requiring no metadataaccumulation when online, and providing undo support. Some of itsdrawbacks include high complexity, requirement for server architecture,poor offline support, and possible unexpected outcomes due to deletionof unseen text in range-based deletions. Compared to OT, TreeDoc andLogoot are simpler, require no server architecture, and provide offlinesupport. However, TreeDoc and Logoot sometimes produce unbalancedtree/key growth and non-contiguous merging when two users concurrentlymodify the same content location.

The techniques disclosed herein (e.g., TopoText) is simple, fast, doesnot require server architecture, provides offline support, and providesundo support, all at the expense of only minor metadata accumulation.

In the methods disclosed herein, content objects (e.g., text charactersand/or drawing objects) in a document (e.g., a word processing document,a note page, a sketch, or a mixed-text and sketch content page, etc.)are represented as nodes in a directed acyclic graph. The graph is anadd-only set such that a merge operation on multiple local graphs is asimple union of the local graphs. In other words, edits made on adocument are represented as add-only changes made to the graph, e.g.,including addition of nodes and paths in the graph, and changes toattributes associated with particular nodes. Once the local graph ofeach collaborating device has been seen by every other collaboratingdevice, all of the collaborating devices will have the same mergedgraph. In some embodiments, in order to resolve the merged graphconsistently into rendered content of the document, a predeterminedordering rule observed by all collaborating devices is used to sort thenodes in the merged graph into the same object sequence in adeterministic way. In some embodiments, the content of the document isthen rendered according to the object sequence at each collaboratingdevice.

A content object may be a simple object (e.g., an unformatted ASCIIcharacter) that has only a “visible” or “deleted” status (e.g., for avisibility attribute of the object). In some embodiments, when “undo”and “redo” operations are supported, a content object may further havean “un-deleted” or “re-deleted” status (e.g., also for the visibilityattribute of the object), which renders the content object visible orinvisible in the document just like the “visible” and “deleted” statusvalues.

In some embodiments, a content object has additional attributes withdifferent states. For example, a content object (e.g., a formatted textcharacter) may have attributes representing different styles (e.g.,font, size, color, underlining, boldness, etc.), and each attributetakes on one of two or more states (e.g., two or more possible values ofthe style represented by the attribute) at any given time.

In some embodiments, when represented in the graph, each content objectis represented by a corresponding node with zero or more attributes. Insome embodiments, the attribute for a node may be omitted from the graphif the value of the attribute is a default value of the attribute (e.g.,the “visible” status of a “visibility” attribute for a node when it isfirst created). In some embodiments, edits on the same attribute for thesame node made at different collaborating devices may be resolved inaccordance with a predetermined rule suitable for the attribute (e.g., arule based on device IDs and/or timestamps of the edits).

In some embodiments, a content object includes accumulation of multipleedits by one or more devices over a period of time. For example, in someembodiments, a sketch or drawing made by multiple drawing commandsreceived at one or more devices is a content object represented by asingle node in the graph. In some embodiments, a different merging andsorting rule for the drawing commands is used for determining theinternal appearance of the content object (e.g., the sketch or drawingobject) while a global merging and sorting rule for the content objectsin the document is used to determine the overall position and state ofthe content object (e.g., the “deleted” or “un-deleted” state) in thedocument.

In some embodiments, when a content object is a sketch object made bymultiple drawing commands in a command sequence, the command sequencesfrom multiple replicas are merged and sorted in a way that reducesunnecessary interlacing of drawing commands, and makes the visual effectof the merging more natural to the user(s). In some embodiments, theordering rule for merging drawing commands from different replicas arebased on unique sequence numbers made up of three parts: a device ID, aprimary local sequence number representing a corresponding localsynchronization epoch during which the drawing command was firstreceived, and a secondary local sequence number representing an order ofthe drawing command within the corresponding local synchronizationepoch. In some embodiments, among the three parts, the most significantis primary sequence number based on the local synchronization epochnumber, and the local synchronization epoch number is only updated afterthe completion of a synchronization event which resulted in a mergedcommand sequence that ends with a remotely entered drawing command.

As used herein, an input or command (e.g., an editing input, a drawingcommand, etc.) for editing a document is considered to be received“locally” at a device (e.g., a first device of multiple collaboratingdevices), if the input or command is an input that was provided to thedevice by a user directly manipulating an input user interface (e.g.,the document editor user interface, the user interface of an noteapplication, etc.) of the device that is presenting the document. Theinput or command is considered “locally” received at the device (e.g.,the first device of the multiple collaborating devices) regardless ofwhether the user is physically proximate to the device or accessing thedevice via a network (e.g., via a Virtual Private Network (VPN) sessionor a dump terminal). When the input or command is later propagated toother collaborating devices (e.g., one or more second devices of themultiple collaborating devices), e.g., during a synchronization eventand/or as part of a graph or command sequence, the input or command isconsidered to be a “remotely” received input or command for the othercollaborating devices (e.g., the one or more second devices of themultiple collaborating devices). In addition, in all future mergedgraphs and command sequences, the input or command is always consideredto have been “first received” and “locally received” at the device(e.g., the first device of multiple collaborating devices).

In some embodiments, collaborative editing involving mixed contenttypes, such as mixed text and sketch editing, the merging and sorting ofthe command sequences for sketch content object may occur during themerging, the sorting, or the rendering of the overall document based onthe graph-based representation of the document.

Below, FIGS. 1A-1B, 2, and 3 provide a description of exemplary devices.FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate exemplary user interfaces of the exemplarydevices. FIGS. 5A-5H illustrate exemplary user interfaces for providingcollaborative text editing. FIGS. 6A-6P illustrate exemplary userinterfaces for providing collaborative sketch editing. FIGS. 7A-7Billustrate an exemplary user interface and a flow diagram of a methodfor providing mixed collaborative text and sketch editing. FIGS. 8A-8Dillustrate a flow diagram of a method of providing collaborative textediting (e.g., maintaining a consistent output based on concurrenttextual edits received at multiple collaborating devices). FIGS. 9A-9Cillustrate a flow diagram of a method of providing collaborative sketchediting (e.g., maintaining a consistent output based on concurrentdrawing edits received at multiple collaborating devices). FIGS. 10A-10Fillustrate a flow diagram of a method of providing mixed collaborativetext and sketch editing. The user interfaces in FIGS. 5A-5H, 6A-6P, and7A are used to illustrate the processes in FIGS. 9B, 8A-8D, 9A-9C, and10A-10F.

Exemplary Devices

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of whichare illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detaileddescription, numerous specific details are set forth in order to providea thorough understanding of the various described embodiments. However,it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the variousdescribed embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components,circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not tounnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments.

It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc.are, in some instances, used herein to describe various elements, theseelements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only usedto distinguish one element from another. For example, a first contactcould be termed a second contact, and, similarly, a second contact couldbe termed a first contact, without departing from the scope of thevarious described embodiments. The first contact and the second contactare both contacts, but they are not the same contact, unless the contextclearly indicates otherwise.

The terminology used in the description of the various describedembodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in thedescription of the various described embodiments and the appendedclaims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to includethe plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as usedherein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations ofone or more of the associated listed items. It will be furtherunderstood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or“comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence ofstated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/orcomponents, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or moreother features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components,and/or groups thereof.

As used herein, the term “if” is, optionally, construed to mean “when”or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,”depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or“if [a stated condition or event] is detected” is, optionally, construedto mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upondetecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting[the stated condition or event],” depending on the context.

Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, andassociated processes for using such devices are described. In someembodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as amobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/ormusic player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunctiondevices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad®devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronicdevices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitivesurfaces (e.g., touch-screen displays and/or touchpads), are,optionally, used. It should also be understood that, in someembodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but isa desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-screendisplay and/or a touchpad).

In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should beunderstood, however, that the electronic device optionally includes oneor more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physicalkeyboard, a mouse and/or a joystick, in addition to, or instead of, thetouch-sensitive surface.

The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one ormore of the following: a node application, a drawing application, apresentation application, a word processing application, a websitecreation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheetapplication, a gaming application, a telephone application, a videoconferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messagingapplication, a workout support application, a photo managementapplication, a digital camera application, a digital video cameraapplication, a web browsing application, a digital music playerapplication, and/or a digital video player application.

The various applications that are executed on the device optionally useat least one common physical user-interface device, such as thetouch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitivesurface as well as corresponding information displayed on the deviceare, optionally, adjusted and/or varied from one application to the nextand/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physicalarchitecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the deviceoptionally supports the variety of applications with user interfacesthat are intuitive and transparent to the user.

Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices withtouch-sensitive displays. FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustratingportable multifunction device 100 with touch-sensitive display system112 in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display system112 is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and issometimes simply called a touch-sensitive display. Device 100 includesmemory 102 (which optionally includes one or more computer readablestorage mediums), memory controller 122, one or more processing units(CPUs) 120, peripherals interface 118, RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry110, speaker 111, microphone 113, input/output (I/O) subsystem 106,other input or control devices 116, and external port 124. Device 100optionally includes one or more optical sensors 164. Device 100optionally includes one or more intensity sensors 165 for detectingintensity of contacts on device 100 (e.g., a touch-sensitive surfacesuch as touch-sensitive display system 112 of device 100). Device 100optionally includes one or more tactile output generators 167 forgenerating tactile outputs on device 100 (e.g., generating tactileoutputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive displaysystem 112 of device 100 or touchpad 355 of device 300). Thesecomponents optionally communicate over one or more communication busesor signal lines 103.

As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output”refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previousposition of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., atouch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component(e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relativeto a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user withthe user's sense of touch. For example, in situations where the deviceor the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a userthat is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of auser's hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacementwill be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding toa perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or thecomponent of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitivesurface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally,interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physicalactuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensationsuch as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement ofa physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surfacethat is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user's movements. Asanother example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally,interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitivesurface, even when there is no change in smoothness of thetouch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a userwill be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user,there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a largemajority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described ascorresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “upclick,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, thegenerated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of thedevice or a component thereof that will generate the described sensoryperception for a typical (or average) user.

It should be appreciated that device 100 is only one example of aportable multifunction device, and that device 100 optionally has moreor fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or morecomponents, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangementof the components. The various components shown in FIG. 1A areimplemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof,including one or more signal processing and/or application specificintegrated circuits.

Memory 102 optionally includes high-speed random access memory andoptionally also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or moremagnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or othernon-volatile solid-state memory devices. Access to memory 102 by othercomponents of device 100, such as CPU(s) 120 and the peripheralsinterface 118, is, optionally, controlled by memory controller 122.

Peripherals interface 118 can be used to couple input and outputperipherals of the device to CPU(s) 120 and memory 102. The one or moreprocessors 120 run or execute various software programs and/or sets ofinstructions stored in memory 102 to perform various functions fordevice 100 and to process data.

In some embodiments, peripherals interface 118, CPU(s) 120, and memorycontroller 122 are, optionally, implemented on a single chip, such aschip 104. In some other embodiments, they are, optionally, implementedon separate chips.

RF (radio frequency) circuitry 108 receives and sends RF signals, alsocalled electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 108 converts electricalsignals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates withcommunications networks and other communications devices via theelectromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 108 optionally includes well-knowncircuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited toan antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner,one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, asubscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RFcircuitry 108 optionally communicates with networks, such as theInternet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranetand/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, awireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network(MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The wirelesscommunication optionally uses any of a plurality of communicationsstandards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited toGlobal System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSMEnvironment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA),high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO),HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), nearfield communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access(W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multipleaccess (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a,IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ax, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/or IEEE802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol fore-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post officeprotocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging andpresence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for InstantMessaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messagingand Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or anyother suitable communication protocol, including communication protocolsnot yet developed as of the filing date of this document.

Audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, and microphone 113 provide an audiointerface between a user and device 100. Audio circuitry 110 receivesaudio data from peripherals interface 118, converts the audio data to anelectrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker 111.Speaker 111 converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves.Audio circuitry 110 also receives electrical signals converted bymicrophone 113 from sound waves. Audio circuitry 110 converts theelectrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data toperipherals interface 118 for processing. Audio data is, optionally,retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory 102 and/or RF circuitry 108by peripherals interface 118. In some embodiments, audio circuitry 110also includes a headset jack (e.g., 212, FIG. 2). The headset jackprovides an interface between audio circuitry 110 and removable audioinput/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headsetwith both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input(e.g., a microphone).

I/O subsystem 106 couples input/output peripherals on device 100, suchas touch-sensitive display system 112 and other input or control devices116, with peripherals interface 118. I/O subsystem 106 optionallyincludes display controller 156, optical sensor controller 158,intensity sensor controller 159, haptic feedback controller 161, and oneor more input controllers 160 for other input or control devices. Theone or more input controllers 160 receive/send electrical signalsfrom/to other input or control devices 116. The other input or controldevices 116 optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons,rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels,and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s) 160are, optionally, coupled with any (or none) of the following: akeyboard, infrared port, USB port, stylus, and/or a pointer device suchas a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g., 208, FIG. 2) optionallyinclude an up/down button for volume control of speaker 111 and/ormicrophone 113. The one or more buttons optionally include a push button(e.g., 206, FIG. 2).

Touch-sensitive display system 112 provides an input interface and anoutput interface between the device and a user. Display controller 156receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch-sensitive displaysystem 112. Touch-sensitive display system 112 displays visual output tothe user. The visual output optionally includes graphics, text, icons,video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). Insome embodiments, some or all of the visual output corresponds touser-interface objects.

Touch-sensitive display system 112 has a touch-sensitive surface, sensoror set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on hapticand/or tactile contact. Touch-sensitive display system 112 and displaycontroller 156 (along with any associated modules and/or sets ofinstructions in memory 102) detect contact (and any movement or breakingof the contact) on touch-sensitive display system 112 and converts thedetected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., oneor more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) that are displayed ontouch-sensitive display system 112. In an exemplary embodiment, a pointof contact between touch-sensitive display system 112 and the usercorresponds to a finger of the user or a stylus.

Touch-sensitive display system 112 optionally uses LCD (liquid crystaldisplay) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, orLED (light emitting diode) technology, although other displaytechnologies are used in other embodiments. Touch-sensitive displaysystem 112 and display controller 156 optionally detect contact and anymovement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensingtechnologies now known or later developed, including but not limited tocapacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies,as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements fordetermining one or more points of contact with touch-sensitive displaysystem 112. In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitancesensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone®, iPodTouch®, and iPad® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

Touch-sensitive display system 112 optionally has a video resolution inexcess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen videoresolution is in excess of 400 dpi (e.g., 500 dpi, 800 dpi, or greater).The user optionally makes contact with touch-sensitive display system112 using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger,and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed towork with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precisethan stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger onthe touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the roughfinger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command forperforming the actions desired by the user.

In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device 100optionally includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating ordeactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad isa touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, doesnot display visual output. The touchpad is, optionally, atouch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch-sensitive displaysystem 112 or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by thetouch screen.

Device 100 also includes power system 162 for powering the variouscomponents. Power system 162 optionally includes a power managementsystem, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current(AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a powerconverter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emittingdiode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation,management and distribution of power in portable devices.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more optical sensors 164.FIG. 1A shows an optical sensor coupled with optical sensor controller158 in I/O subsystem 106. Optical sensor(s) 164 optionally includecharge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor(s) 164 receive light from theenvironment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the lightto data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module 143(also called a camera module), optical sensor(s) 164 optionally capturestill images and/or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor islocated on the back of device 100, opposite touch-sensitive displaysystem 112 on the front of the device, so that the touch screen isenabled for use as a viewfinder for still and/or video imageacquisition. In some embodiments, another optical sensor is located onthe front of the device so that the user's image is obtained (e.g., forselfies, for videoconferencing while the user views the other videoconference participants on the touch screen, etc.).

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more contact intensitysensors 165. FIG. 1A shows a contact intensity sensor coupled withintensity sensor controller 159 in I/O subsystem 106. Contact intensitysensor(s) 165 optionally include one or more piezoresistive straingauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectricforce sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitivesurfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure theforce (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contactintensity sensor(s) 165 receive contact intensity information (e.g.,pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from theenvironment. In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensoris collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,touch-sensitive display system 112). In some embodiments, at least onecontact intensity sensor is located on the back of device 100, oppositetouch-screen display system 112 which is located on the front of device100.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more proximity sensors 166.FIG. 1A shows proximity sensor 166 coupled with peripherals interface118. Alternately, proximity sensor 166 is coupled with input controller160 in I/O subsystem 106. In some embodiments, the proximity sensorturns off and disables touch-sensitive display system 112 when themultifunction device is placed near the user's ear (e.g., when the useris making a phone call).

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more tactile outputgenerators 167. FIG. 1A shows a tactile output generator coupled withhaptic feedback controller 161 in I/O subsystem 106. Tactile outputgenerator(s) 167 optionally include one or more electroacoustic devicessuch as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanicaldevices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor,solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostaticactuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., acomponent that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on thedevice). Tactile output generator(s) 167 receive tactile feedbackgeneration instructions from haptic feedback module 133 and generatestactile outputs on device 100 that are capable of being sensed by a userof device 100. In some embodiments, at least one tactile outputgenerator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface(e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112) and, optionally, generates atactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g.,in/out of a surface of device 100) or laterally (e.g., back and forth inthe same plane as a surface of device 100). In some embodiments, atleast one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back ofdevice 100, opposite touch-sensitive display system 112, which islocated on the front of device 100.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more accelerometers 168. FIG.1A shows accelerometer 168 coupled with peripherals interface 118.Alternately, accelerometer 168 is, optionally, coupled with an inputcontroller 160 in I/O subsystem 106. In some embodiments, information isdisplayed on the touch-screen display in a portrait view or a landscapeview based on an analysis of data received from the one or moreaccelerometers. Device 100 optionally includes, in addition toaccelerometer(s) 168, a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASSor other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaininginformation concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait orlandscape) of device 100.

In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory 102include operating system 126, communication module (or set ofinstructions) 128, contact/motion module (or set of instructions) 130,graphics module (or set of instructions) 132, haptic feedback module (orset of instructions) 133, text input module (or set of instructions)134, Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions)135, and applications (or sets of instructions) 136. Furthermore, insome embodiments, memory 102 stores device/global internal state 157, asshown in FIGS. 1A and 3. Device/global internal state 157 includes oneor more of: active application state, indicating which applications, ifany, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications,views or other information occupy various regions of touch-sensitivedisplay system 112; sensor state, including information obtained fromthe device's various sensors and other input or control devices 116; andlocation and/or positional information concerning the device's locationand/or attitude.

Operating system 126 (e.g., iOS, Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X,WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includesvarious software components and/or drivers for controlling and managinggeneral system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control,power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between varioushardware and software components.

Communication module 128 facilitates communication with other devicesover one or more external ports 124 and also includes various softwarecomponents for handling data received by RF circuitry 108 and/orexternal port 124. External port 124 (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB),FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices orindirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). Insome embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin)connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the30-pin connector used in some iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devicesfrom Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. In some embodiments, the externalport is a Lightning connector that is the same as, or similar to and/orcompatible with the Lightning connector used in some iPhone®, iPodTouch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects contact withtouch-sensitive display system 112 (in conjunction with displaycontroller 156) and other touch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad orphysical click wheel). Contact/motion module 130 includes varioussoftware components for performing various operations related todetection of contact (e.g., by a finger or by a stylus), such asdetermining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-downevent), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force orpressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of thecontact), determining if there is movement of the contact and trackingthe movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one ormore finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased(e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact).Contact/motion module 130 receives contact data from the touch-sensitivesurface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which isrepresented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determiningspeed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or anacceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point ofcontact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts(e.g., one finger contacts or stylus contacts) or to multiplesimultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). Insome embodiments, contact/motion module 130 and display controller 156detect contact on a touchpad.

Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects a gesture input by a user.Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contactpatterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities ofdetected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected bydetecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a fingertap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detectinga finger-up (lift off) event at the same position (or substantially thesame position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of anicon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on thetouch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followedby detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequentlyfollowed by detecting a finger-up (lift off) event. Similarly, tap,swipe, drag, and other gestures are optionally detected for a stylus bydetecting a particular contact pattern for the stylus.

Graphics module 132 includes various known software components forrendering and displaying graphics on touch-sensitive display system 112or other display, including components for changing the visual impact(e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast or other visualproperty) of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term“graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user,including without limitation text, web pages, icons (such asuser-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos,animations and the like.

In some embodiments, graphics module 132 stores data representinggraphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned acorresponding code. Graphics module 132 receives, from applicationsetc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with,if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and thengenerates screen image data to output to display controller 156.

Haptic feedback module 133 includes various software components forgenerating instructions used by tactile output generator(s) 167 toproduce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device 100 inresponse to user interactions with device 100.

Text input module 134, which is, optionally, a component of graphicsmodule 132, provides soft keyboards for entering text in variousapplications (e.g., contacts 137, e-mail 140, IM 141, browser 147, andany other application that needs text input).

GPS module 135 determines the location of the device and provides thisinformation for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone 138 foruse in location-based dialing, to camera 143 as picture/video metadata,and to applications that provide location-based services such as weatherwidgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).

Applications 136 optionally include the following modules (or sets ofinstructions), or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   contacts module 137 (sometimes called an address book or contact        list);    -   telephone module 138;    -   video conferencing module 139;    -   e-mail client module 140;    -   instant messaging (IM) module 141;    -   workout support module 142;    -   camera module 143 for still and/or video images;    -   image management module 144;    -   browser module 147;    -   calendar module 148;    -   widget modules 149, which optionally include one or more of:        weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget        149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, dictionary widget 149-5, and        other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created        widgets 149-6;    -   widget creator module 150 for making user-created widgets 149-6;    -   search module 151;    -   video and music player module 152, which is, optionally, made up        of a video player module and a music player module;    -   notes module 153;    -   map module 154; and/or    -   online video module 155.

Examples of other applications 136 that are, optionally, stored inmemory 102 include other word processing applications, other imageediting applications, drawing applications, presentation applications,JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voicerecognition, and voice replication.

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, displaycontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text inputmodule 134, contacts module 137 includes executable instructions tomanage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in applicationinternal state 192 of contacts module 137 in memory 102 or memory 370),including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from theaddress book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es),physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating animage with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephonenumbers and/or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitatecommunications by telephone 138, video conference 139, e-mail 140, or IM141; and so forth.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111,microphone 113, touch-sensitive display system 112, display controller156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134,telephone module 138 includes executable instructions to enter asequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access oneor more telephone numbers in address book 137, modify a telephone numberthat has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct aconversation and disconnect or hang up when the conversation iscompleted. As noted above, the wireless communication optionally usesany of a plurality of communications standards, protocols andtechnologies.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111,microphone 113, touch-sensitive display system 112, display controller156, optical sensor(s) 164, optical sensor controller 158, contactmodule 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, contact list137, and telephone module 138, videoconferencing module 139 includesexecutable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a videoconference between a user and one or more other participants inaccordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132,and text input module 134, e-mail client module 140 includes executableinstructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response touser instructions. In conjunction with image management module 144,e-mail client module 140 makes it very easy to create and send e-mailswith still or video images taken with camera module 143.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132,and text input module 134, the instant messaging module 141 includesexecutable instructions to enter a sequence of characters correspondingto an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, totransmit a respective instant message (for example, using a ShortMessage Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol fortelephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, Apple PushNotification Service (APNs) or IMPS for Internet-based instantmessages), to receive instant messages and to view received instantmessages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instantmessages optionally include graphics, photos, audio files, video filesand/or other attachments as are supported in a MMS and/or an EnhancedMessaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers toboth telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) andInternet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, APNs,or IMPS).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132,text input module 134, GPS module 135, map module 154, and music playermodule 146, workout support module 142 includes executable instructionsto create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burninggoals); communicate with workout sensors (in sports devices and smartwatches); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitora workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store andtransmit workout data.

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, displaycontroller 156, optical sensor(s) 164, optical sensor controller 158,contact module 130, graphics module 132, and image management module144, camera module 143 includes executable instructions to capture stillimages or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory102, modify characteristics of a still image or video, and/or delete astill image or video from memory 102.

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, displaycontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text inputmodule 134, and camera module 143, image management module 144 includesexecutable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwisemanipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show oralbum), and store still and/or video images.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module132, and text input module 134, browser module 147 includes executableinstructions to browse the Internet in accordance with userinstructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displayingweb pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other fileslinked to web pages.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module132, text input module 134, e-mail client module 140, and browser module147, calendar module 148 includes executable instructions to create,display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars(e.g., calendar entries, to do lists, etc.) in accordance with userinstructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, widget modules 149are mini-applications that are, optionally, downloaded and used by auser (e.g., weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, and dictionary widget 149-5) or createdby the user (e.g., user-created widget 149-6). In some embodiments, awidget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS(Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In someembodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) fileand a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, the widget creatormodule 150 includes executable instructions to create widgets (e.g.,turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget).

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, display systemcontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text inputmodule 134, search module 151 includes executable instructions to searchfor text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory 102that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specifiedsearch terms) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, display systemcontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry110, speaker 111, RF circuitry 108, and browser module 147, video andmusic player module 152 includes executable instructions that allow theuser to download and play back recorded music and other sound filesstored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, andexecutable instructions to display, present or otherwise play backvideos (e.g., on touch-sensitive display system 112, or on an externaldisplay connected wirelessly or via external port 124). In someembodiments, device 100 optionally includes the functionality of an MP3player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.).

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, displaycontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text inputmodule 134, notes module 153 includes executable instructions to createand manage notes, to do lists, and the like in accordance with userinstructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch-sensitive display system112, display system controller 156, contact module 130, graphics module132, text input module 134, GPS module 135, and browser module 147, mapmodule 154 includes executable instructions to receive, display, modify,and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions;data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particularlocation; and other location-based data) in accordance with userinstructions.

In conjunction with touch-sensitive display system 112, display systemcontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry110, speaker 111, RF circuitry 108, text input module 134, e-mail clientmodule 140, and browser module 147, online video module 155 includesexecutable instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive(e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touchscreen 112, or on an external display connected wirelessly or viaexternal port 124), send an e-mail with a link to a particular onlinevideo, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats,such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module 141, ratherthan e-mail client module 140, is used to send a link to a particularonline video.

Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to aset of executable instructions for performing one or more functionsdescribed above and the methods described in this application (e.g., thecomputer-implemented methods and other information processing methodsdescribed herein). These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need notbe implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, andthus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined orotherwise re-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments,memory 102 optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structuresidentified above. Furthermore, memory 102 optionally stores additionalmodules and data structures not described above.

In some embodiments, device 100 is a device where operation of apredefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusivelythrough a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/ora touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device100, the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons,dials, and the like) on device 100 is, optionally, reduced.

The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through atouch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation betweenuser interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by theuser, navigates device 100 to a main, home, or root menu from any userinterface that is displayed on device 100. In such embodiments, a “menubutton” is implemented using a touchpad. In some other embodiments, themenu button is a physical push button or other physical input controldevice instead of a touchpad.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for eventhandling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments,memory 102 (in FIG. 1A) or 370 (FIG. 3) includes event sorter 170 (e.g.,in operating system 126) and a respective application 136-1 (e.g., anyof the aforementioned applications 136, 137-155, 380-390).

Event sorter 170 receives event information and determines theapplication 136-1 and application view 191 of application 136-1 to whichto deliver the event information. Event sorter 170 includes eventmonitor 171 and event dispatcher module 174. In some embodiments,application 136-1 includes application internal state 192, whichindicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitivedisplay system 112 when the application is active or executing. In someembodiments, device/global internal state 157 is used by event sorter170 to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, andapplication internal state 192 is used by event sorter 170 to determineapplication views 191 to which to deliver event information.

In some embodiments, application internal state 192 includes additionalinformation, such as one or more of: resume information to be used whenapplication 136-1 resumes execution, user interface state informationthat indicates information being displayed or that is ready for displayby application 136-1, a state queue for enabling the user to go back toa prior state or view of application 136-1, and a redo/undo queue ofprevious actions taken by the user.

Event monitor 171 receives event information from peripherals interface118. Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., auser touch on touch-sensitive display system 112, as part of amulti-touch gesture). Peripherals interface 118 transmits information itreceives from I/O subsystem 106 or a sensor, such as proximity sensor166, accelerometer(s) 168, and/or microphone 113 (through audiocircuitry 110). Information that peripherals interface 118 receives fromI/O subsystem 106 includes information from touch-sensitive displaysystem 112 or a touch-sensitive surface.

In some embodiments, event monitor 171 sends requests to the peripheralsinterface 118 at predetermined intervals. In response, peripheralsinterface 118 transmits event information. In other embodiments,peripheral interface 118 transmits event information only when there isa significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predeterminednoise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration).

In some embodiments, event sorter 170 also includes a hit viewdetermination module 172 and/or an active event recognizer determinationmodule 173.

Hit view determination module 172 provides software procedures fordetermining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views,when touch-sensitive display system 112 displays more than one view.Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see onthe display.

Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is aset of views, sometimes herein called application views or userinterface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-basedgestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) inwhich a touch is detected optionally correspond to programmatic levelswithin a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example,the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is, optionally,called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as properinputs are, optionally, determined based, at least in part, on the hitview of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture.

Hit view determination module 172 receives information related tosub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multipleviews organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module 172identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which shouldhandle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowestlevel view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (i.e., the firstsub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potentialevent). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determinationmodule, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to thesame touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view.

Active event recognizer determination module 173 determines which viewor views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence ofsub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determinationmodule 173 determines that only the hit view should receive a particularsequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizerdetermination module 173 determines that all views that include thephysical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, andtherefore determines that all actively involved views should receive aparticular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touchsub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with oneparticular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain asactively involved views.

Event dispatcher module 174 dispatches the event information to an eventrecognizer (e.g., event recognizer 180). In embodiments including activeevent recognizer determination module 173, event dispatcher module 174delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined byactive event recognizer determination module 173. In some embodiments,event dispatcher module 174 stores in an event queue the eventinformation, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver module182.

In some embodiments, operating system 126 includes event sorter 170.Alternatively, application 136-1 includes event sorter 170. In yet otherembodiments, event sorter 170 is a stand-alone module, or a part ofanother module stored in memory 102, such as contact/motion module 130.

In some embodiments, application 136-1 includes a plurality of eventhandlers 190 and one or more application views 191, each of whichincludes instructions for handling touch events that occur within arespective view of the application's user interface. Each applicationview 191 of the application 136-1 includes one or more event recognizers180. Typically, a respective application view 191 includes a pluralityof event recognizers 180. In other embodiments, one or more of eventrecognizers 180 are part of a separate module, such as a user interfacekit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application 136-1inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respectiveevent handler 190 includes one or more of: data updater 176, objectupdater 177, GUI updater 178, and/or event data 179 received from eventsorter 170. Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater176, object updater 177 or GUI updater 178 to update the applicationinternal state 192. Alternatively, one or more of the application views191 includes one or more respective event handlers 190. Also, in someembodiments, one or more of data updater 176, object updater 177, andGUI updater 178 are included in a respective application view 191.

A respective event recognizer 180 receives event information (e.g.,event data 179) from event sorter 170, and identifies an event from theevent information. Event recognizer 180 includes event receiver 182 andevent comparator 184. In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 alsoincludes at least a subset of: metadata 183, and event deliveryinstructions 188 (which optionally include sub-event deliveryinstructions).

Event receiver 182 receives event information from event sorter 170. Theevent information includes information about a sub-event, for example, atouch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the eventinformation also includes additional information, such as location ofthe sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the eventinformation optionally also includes speed and direction of thesub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the devicefrom one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to alandscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event informationincludes corresponding information about the current orientation (alsocalled device attitude) of the device.

Event comparator 184 compares the event information to predefined eventor sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines anevent or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event orsub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator 184 includes eventdefinitions 186. Event definitions 186 contain definitions of events(e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event 1(187-1), event 2 (187-2), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events inan event 187 include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touchmovement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, thedefinition for event 1 (187-1) is a double tap on a displayed object.The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) onthe displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first lift-off (touchend) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on thedisplayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second lift-off (touchend) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition forevent 2 (187-2) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, forexample, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for apredetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitivedisplay system 112, and lift-off of the touch (touch end). In someembodiments, the event also includes information for one or moreassociated event handlers 190.

In some embodiments, a respective event definition 186 includes adefinition of an event for a respective user-interface object. In someembodiments, event comparator 184 performs a hit test to determine whichuser-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in anapplication view in which three user-interface objects are displayed ontouch-sensitive display system 112, when a touch is detected ontouch-sensitive display system 112, event comparator 184 performs a hittest to determine which of the three user-interface objects isassociated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object isassociated with a respective event handler 190, the event comparatoruses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler 190should be activated. For example, event comparator 184 selects an eventhandler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hittest.

In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event 187 alsoincludes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event informationuntil after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-eventsdoes or does not correspond to the event recognizer's event type.

When a respective event recognizer 180 determines that the series ofsub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions 186, therespective event recognizer 180 enters an event impossible, eventfailed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequentsub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other eventrecognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue totrack and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 includes metadata183 with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate howthe event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to activelyinvolved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata 183 includesconfigurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how eventrecognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another. Insome embodiments, metadata 183 includes configurable properties, flags,and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varyinglevels in the view or programmatic hierarchy.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 activates eventhandler 190 associated with an event when one or more particularsub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respectiveevent recognizer 180 delivers event information associated with theevent to event handler 190. Activating an event handler 190 is distinctfrom sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view.In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 throws a flag associated withthe recognized event, and event handler 190 associated with the flagcatches the flag and performs a predefined process.

In some embodiments, event delivery instructions 188 include sub-eventdelivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-eventwithout activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event deliveryinstructions deliver event information to event handlers associated withthe series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlersassociated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved viewsreceive the event information and perform a predetermined process.

In some embodiments, data updater 176 creates and updates data used inapplication 136-1. For example, data updater 176 updates the telephonenumber used in contacts module 137, or stores a video file used in videoplayer module 145. In some embodiments, object updater 177 creates andupdates objects used in application 136-1. For example, object updater177 creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of auser-interface object. GUI updater 178 updates the GUI. For example, GUIupdater 178 prepares display information and sends it to graphics module132 for display on a touch-sensitive display.

In some embodiments, event handler(s) 190 includes or has access to dataupdater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178. In someembodiments, data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178are included in a single module of a respective application 136-1 orapplication view 191. In other embodiments, they are included in two ormore software modules.

It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding eventhandling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies toother forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices 100 withinput-devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens. Forexample, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinatedwith single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movementssuch as taps, drags, scrolls, etc., on touch-pads; pen stylus inputs;movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements;biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilizedas inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to berecognized.

FIG. 2 illustrates a portable multifunction device 100 having a touchscreen (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112, FIG. 1A) in accordancewith some embodiments. The touch screen optionally displays one or moregraphics within user interface (UI) 200. In this embodiment, as well asothers described below, a user is enabled to select one or more of thegraphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one ormore fingers 202 (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or morestyluses 203 (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments,selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contactwith the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the gestureoptionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left toright, right to left, upward and/or downward) and/or a rolling of afinger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) thathas made contact with device 100. In some implementations orcircumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select thegraphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an applicationicon optionally does not select the corresponding application when thegesture corresponding to selection is a tap.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more physical buttons, suchas “home” or menu button 204. As described previously, menu button 204is, optionally, used to navigate to any application 136 in a set ofapplications that are, optionally executed on device 100. Alternatively,in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in aGUI displayed on the touch-screen display.

In some embodiments, device 100 includes the touch-screen display, menubutton 204, push button 206 for powering the device on/off and lockingthe device, volume adjustment button(s) 208, Subscriber Identity Module(SIM) card slot 210, head set jack 212, and docking/charging externalport 124. Push button 206 is, optionally, used to turn the power on/offon the device by depressing the button and holding the button in thedepressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device bydepressing the button and releasing the button before the predefinedtime interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate anunlock process. In some embodiments, device 100 also accepts verbalinput for activation or deactivation of some functions throughmicrophone 113. Device 100 also, optionally, includes one or morecontact intensity sensors 165 for detecting intensity of contacts ontouch-sensitive display system 112 and/or one or more tactile outputgenerators 167 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 100.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with someembodiments. Device 300 need not be portable. In some embodiments,device 300 is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer,a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device(such as a child's learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device(e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device 300 typically includesone or more processing units (CPU's) 310, one or more network or othercommunications interfaces 360, memory 370, and one or more communicationbuses 320 for interconnecting these components. Communication buses 320optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) thatinterconnects and controls communications between system components.Device 300 includes input/output (I/O) interface 330 comprising display340, which is typically a touch-screen display. I/O interface 330 alsooptionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device)350 and touchpad 355, tactile output generator 357 for generatingtactile outputs on device 300 (e.g., similar to tactile outputgenerator(s) 167 described above with reference to FIG. 1A), sensors 359(e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contactintensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s) 165 describedabove with reference to FIG. 1A). Memory 370 includes high-speed randomaccess memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM or other random access solidstate memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, suchas one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storagedevices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storagedevices. Memory 370 optionally includes one or more storage devicesremotely located from CPU(s) 310. In some embodiments, memory 370 storesprograms, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs,modules, and data structures stored in memory 102 of portablemultifunction device 100 (FIG. 1A), or a subset thereof. Furthermore,memory 370 optionally stores additional programs, modules, and datastructures not present in memory 102 of portable multifunction device100. For example, memory 370 of device 300 optionally stores drawingmodule 380, presentation module 382, word processing module 384, websitecreation module 386, disk authoring module 388, and/or spreadsheetmodule 390, while memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100 (FIG.1A) optionally does not store these modules.

Each of the above identified elements in FIG. 3 are, optionally, storedin one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of theabove identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions forperforming a function described above. The above identified modules orprograms (i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented asseparate software programs, procedures or modules, and thus varioussubsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwisere-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory 370optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identifiedabove. Furthermore, memory 370 optionally stores additional modules anddata structures not described above.

Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”)that are, optionally, implemented on portable multifunction device 100.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu ofapplications on portable multifunction device 100 in accordance withsome embodiments. Similar user interfaces are, optionally, implementedon device 300. In some embodiments, user interface 400 includes thefollowing elements, or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Signal strength indicator(s) 402 for wireless communication(s),        such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;    -   Time 404;    -   Bluetooth indicator 405;    -   Battery status indicator 406;    -   Tray 408 with icons for frequently used applications, such as:        -   Icon 416 for telephone module 138, labeled “Phone,” which            optionally includes an indicator 414 of the number of missed            calls or voicemail messages;        -   Icon 418 for e-mail client module 140, labeled “Mail,” which            optionally includes an indicator 410 of the number of unread            e-mails;        -   Icon 420 for browser module 147, labeled “Browser;” and        -   Icon 422 for video and music player module 152, also            referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module 152,            labeled “iPod;” and    -   Icons for other applications, such as:        -   Icon 424 for IM module 141, labeled “Text;”        -   Icon 426 for calendar module 148, labeled “Calendar;”        -   Icon 428 for image management module 144, labeled “Photos;”        -   Icon 430 for camera module 143, labeled “Camera;”        -   Icon 432 for online video module 155, labeled “Online            Video;”        -   Icon 434 for stocks widget 149-2, labeled “Stocks;”        -   Icon 436 for map module 154, labeled “Map;”        -   Icon 438 for weather widget 149-1, labeled “Weather;”        -   Icon 440 for alarm clock widget 149-4, labeled “Clock;”        -   Icon 442 for workout support module 142, labeled “Workout            Support;”        -   Icon 444 for notes module 153, labeled “Notes;” and        -   Icon 446 for a settings application or module, which            provides access to settings for device 100 and its various            applications 136.

It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in FIG. 4A aremerely exemplary. For example, in some embodiments, icon 422 for videoand music player module 152 is labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Otherlabels are, optionally, used for various application icons. In someembodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a nameof an application corresponding to the respective application icon. Insome embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinctfrom a name of an application corresponding to the particularapplication icon.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g.,device 300, FIG. 3) with a touch-sensitive surface 451 (e.g., a tabletor touchpad 355, FIG. 3) that is separate from the display 450. Device300 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors(e.g., one or more of sensors 357) for detecting intensity of contactson touch-sensitive surface 451 and/or one or more tactile outputgenerators 359 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 300.

Although many of the examples that follow will be given with referenceto inputs on touch screen display 112 (where the touch sensitive surfaceand the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detectsinputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display,as shown in FIG. 4B. In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface(e.g., 451 in FIG. 4B) has a primary axis (e.g., 452 in FIG. 4B) thatcorresponds to a primary axis (e.g., 453 in FIG. 4B) on the display(e.g., 450). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detectscontacts (e.g., 460 and 462 in FIG. 4B) with the touch-sensitive surface451 at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display(e.g., in FIG. 4B, 460 corresponds to 468 and 462 corresponds to 470).In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts 460 and 462, and movementsthereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,451 in FIG. 4B) are used by the device to manipulate the user interfaceon the display (e.g., 450 in FIG. 4B) of the multifunction device whenthe touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should beunderstood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other userinterfaces described herein.

Additionally, while many of the following examples are given withreference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures,finger swipe gestures, etc.), it should be understood that, in someembodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with inputfrom another input device (e.g., a mouse based input or a stylus input).For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click(e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor alongthe path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). Asanother example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouseclick while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture(e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detectthe contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneouslydetected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are,optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are,optionally, used simultaneously.

User Interfaces and Associated Processes

Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”)and associated processes that may be implemented on an electronicdevice, such as portable multifunction device 100 or device 300, with adisplay and a text input device.

FIGS. 5A-5H illustrate exemplary user interfaces for collaborative textediting, along with corresponding changes made to backend datastructures for generating local and synchronized content provided on theuser interfaces during the collaborative text editing, in accordancewith some embodiments. The user interfaces and changes made to thebackend data structures in these figures are used to illustrate theprocesses described below, including the processes in FIGS. 7B, 8A-8D,9A-9C, and 10A-10F.

FIG. 5A illustrates two devices (e.g., Device A and Device B) thatcollaboratively edit a single document (e.g., a note document). Althoughonly two collaborating devices are used in this example, the principlesdescribed in this example are applicable to collaboration scenariosinvolving more than two collaborating devices. The following is a briefoverview of FIGS. 5A-5H, and the sequence of events they represent:

As shown in FIG. 5A, during a time period 0-T₀, a user of Device A hasentered some text (e.g., a character string “ABC”) in a first local copyof the note document (e.g., replica “1”), and a user of Device B hasentered some other text (e.g., a character string “XYZ”) in a secondlocal copy of the note document (e.g., replica “2”). The locally enteredtext appears on the display of the respective devices at which thelocally entered text was first received. Before a first synchronizationevent occurs, each device displays the locally entered text, and updatesa local graph representing the current state of the content (e.g., textcharacters) that has been entered in the local copy of the document. Therespective local graphs at Devices A and B are shown in FIG. 5A.

As shown in FIG. 5B, at time T₁, a first synchronization event occurs.Each of the two collaborating devices obtains the local graph from theother device, and merges the obtained local graph to its own localgraph. After the first synchronization event @T₁, both devices display amerged string “ABCXYZ” based on the merged graph. The local graphs atboth devices have been synchronized and represent the current state ofthe content that has been edited by both collaborating devices. In FIG.5B, under the display of each device, the device's own local graph, thelocal graph received from the other collaborating devices (labeled as“remote update), the merged graph generated during the firstsynchronization event are shown. In addition, an ordered sequence ofnodes that results from the sorting and traversal of the merged graph isalso shown.

As shown in FIG. 5C, during a time period T₁-T₂, before a secondsynchronization event has occurred, the user of Device A has inserted acharacter “+” between the characters “A” and “B”, and deleted thecharacter “Y” from between the characters “X” and “Z”. So, Device Adisplays a modified string “A+BCXZ”. The local graph at Device A isupdated to include the local changes made to the string. The user ofDevice B has inserted a character “&” between the characters “A” and“B”, and deleted the character “X”. So, Device B displays a modifiedstring “A&BCYZ”. The local graph at Device B is updated to include thelocal changes made to the string.

As shown in FIG. 5D, at time T₃, the second synchronization eventoccurs. Each of the two collaborating devices obtains the local graphfrom the other device, and merges the obtained local graph to its ownlocal graph. After the second synchronization event, both devicesdisplay a merged string “A+&BCZ” based on the merged graph. The localgraphs at both devices have been synchronized and represent the currentstate of the content that has been edited by both collaborating devices.

As shown in FIG. 5E, during a time period T₃-T₄, before a thirdsynchronization event has occurred, the user of Device A has entered an“undo” command to un-delete the previously deleted character “Y”. So,Device A displays a modified string “A+&BCYZ”. The local graph at DeviceA is updated to include the local changes made to the string. The userof Device B has bolded the character “Z”. So, Device B displays amodified string “A+&BCZ”. The local graph at Device B is updated toinclude the local changes made to the string.

As shown in FIG. 5F, at time T₅, the third synchronization event occurs.Each of the two collaborating devices obtains the local graph from theother device, and merges the obtained local graph to its own localgraph. After the third synchronization event, both devices display amerged string “A+&BCYZ” based on the merged graph. The local graphs atboth devices have been synchronized and represent the current state ofthe content that has been edited by both collaborating devices.

As shown in FIG. 5G, during a time period T₅-T₆, before a fourthsynchronization event has occurred, the user of Device A has entered a“redo” command to re-delete the previously un-deleted character “Y”again, and un-bolded the previously bolded character “Z”. So, Device Adisplays a modified string “A+&BCZ”. The local graph at Device A isupdated to include the local changes made to the string. The user ofDevice B has inserted a character “$” between the characters “Y” and“Z”. So, Device B displays a modified string “A+&BCY$Z”. The local graphat Device B is updated to include the local changes made to the string.

As shown in FIG. 5H, at time T₇, the fourth synchronization eventoccurs. Each of the two collaborating devices obtains the local graphfrom the other device, and merges the obtained local graph to its ownlocal graph. After the second synchronization event, both devicesdisplay a merged string “A+&BC$Z” based on the merged graph. The localgraphs at both devices have been synchronized and represent the currentstate of the content that has been edited by both collaborating devices.

In some embodiments, the process for performing the synchronizationevents shown in FIGS. 5A-5H is based on the following data structuresand rules.

In some embodiments, the problem of synchronization between multiplereplicas of the same document is addressed by the use of CommutativeReplicated Data Types (CRDT). Commutative Replicated Data Types are datastructures where all concurrent operations commute, and thus ensuringeventual consistency without complex control systems. CommutativeReplicated Data Types are scalable and fault tolerant, and do notrequire any special collaboration architecture (e.g., a central server).When two or more versions of the same CRDT data structure are merged,the following properties are observed: Idempotent (A+A=A), Commutative(A+B=B+A), and Associative ((A+B)+C=A+(B+C)), where the “+” sign in theequations represents a merging operation, and A, B, C are differentversions of the same CRDT data structure.

The idempotent property of the CRDT data structure ensures that when twoidentical versions of a document (e.g., two local copies of the documentcontaining identical changes made by two different sources) are merged,the final version of the document is the same as either of the versionsthat are merged. The commutative property of the CRDT data structureensures that when two collaborating devices send their local versions ofthe document to each other, and each collaborating device merges thereceived version of the document (e.g., the document containing thechanges made by the remote device) with its own local version (e.g.,document containing local changes), the final version of the document onboth devices will be identical. The associative property of the CRDTensures that the order by which remote versions of the document aremerged with the local version of the document will not change the finaloutcome of the merging when all remote versions are merged with thelocal version of the document.

A simplest CRDT data structure is an add-only set. For an add-on set,any replica can concurrently add members to the set. The merge operationis simply a union of the sets. Eventually, once every replica has seenthe results of every other replica's addition to the set and merged it,each replica will have the same set.

As disclosed herein, in some embodiments, a CRDT data structure used totrack changes made to a document is a directed acyclic graph with asource (e.g., a node labeled “START” or “ST”) denoting the start of thedocument and a sink (e.g., a node labeled “END” or “EN”) denoting theend of the document. In some embodiments, the directed acyclic graphincludes nodes to represent discrete content objects (e.g., individualtext characters, images, drawing/sketch objects, attachments,hyperlinks, handwritten word blocks, etc.) that make up the document. Insome embodiments, the directed acyclic graph further includes directededges that determine the positional ordering relationships between thecontent objects represented by the nodes. In some embodiments, a nodemay represent an instance of any of a number of recognized contentobject types, such as text characters, equations, sketches, images,links, attachments, handwritten word blocks, etc. In some embodiments, adirected edge that links one node to another node indicates that theformer spatially proceeds the latter in the document. For example, atextual string including a sequence of two characters (e.g., “AC”) canbe represented by a basic graph: “START”→“A”→“C”→“END”.

The basic case of an add-only graph structure is a CRDT. Any replica canadd nodes or edges to the graph without concern of creating a conflict.On merging, the resulting graph is the union of all nodes and edges fromthe local graphs from all replicas, although some empty or redundantedges may be removed for simplicity.

During editing, in some embodiments, each time a character is insertedinto the document, a node representing the character is added to thegraph between the nodes defining the location of the insertion (e.g.,between the “START” node and the first character node, between two nodesrepresenting the characters adjacent the insertion point on either side,or between the last character node and the “END” node). For example,when a character “B” is inserted between characters “A” and “C”, theresulting string is “ABC” and the resulting graph is“START”→“A”→“B”→“C”→“END”, as shown in FIG. 5A.

In some embodiments, in order to track the sources (e.g., the devicethat first received a particular edit, or the replica that firstincluded the edit) and timing of the edits in the document, each contentobject (e.g., character, sketch, equation, etc.) is uniquely identifiedwith a unique object identifier. In some embodiments, the unique objectidentifier of a content object is based on the replica ID (e.g., thedevice ID (e.g., UUID) of the source device at which the content objectwas first input by a user). In some embodiments, the unique objectidentifier of the content object is further based on the local order bywhich the content object was first input by the user. For example, insome embodiments, a local counter or clock is kept at each collaboratingdevice, and each time a new content object is input locally by a user ofthe collaborating device, the local counter is incremented or the localorder is linked to the current clock value (which incrementscontinuously overtime). In some embodiments, the unique objectidentifier of the new content object includes the replica ID of thecollaborating device and the current value of the local counter orclock. As a result, the content objects entered at each collaboratingdevice have monotonically increasing unique object identifiers based onthe order that the content objects were first created at thecollaborating device.

In some embodiments, concurrent editing on the same document occurs whentwo or more collaborating devices have started with the same version ofa document, and have made independent changes to that same version ofthe document before a synchronization event to merge the changes fromthe different collaborating devices into the same document. Thesynchronization operations for the same set of changes do not have tostart on all collaborating devices at the same time, but thesynchronization event is only completed when all collaborating deviceshave received and merged all changes received locally and all changesreceived from all other collaborating devices. In some embodiments, eachtime period between two consecutive synchronization events is associatedwith a respective synchronization epoch number. In some embodiments, adevice optionally indirectly receives the changes made by acollaborating device from a central server, directly from thecollaborating device, or indirectly from another collaborating devicethat is in communication with the collaborating device at which thechanges were first made. In some embodiments, the changes are optionallyreceived in the form of the whole local document, or in the form of arepresentation (e.g., a graph) of the local document from which thedocument can be reconstructed, or in the form of incremental differencesor representations of the incremental differences (e.g., partial graphswith modified nodes and edges) between the current and the most recentversions of the local document.

Sometimes, concurrent editing from different sources affects the samecontent object or location in the document and thus creates an ambiguityor conflict regarding how the changes should be applied to that contentobject or location in the document. For example, if two collaboratingdevices both started with a blank document, then one device (e.g.,Device A) receives a string input “ABC” from its user, while the otherdevice (e.g., Device B) receives a string input “XYZ” from its user.When the two changes are merged, there is an ambiguity regarding theorder by which the characters in strings “ABC” and “XYZ” should bearranged in the synchronized document.

As disclosed herein, in some embodiments, when merging concurrentchanges to the same part of the graph representing a document, parallelpaths are created in the graph. For example, in some embodiments, whenmerging both replicas' data structures together, any new nodes or edgesfrom the remote graph are added to the local graph. In the aboveexample, both devices modified the same part of the graph, namely theedge between the “START” node and the “END” node. As shown in FIG. 5B,under the display of Device A, when merging Device B's local graph intoDevice A's local graph, a new path (“X”→“Y”→“Z”) is added to Device A'slocal graph between the “START” node and the “END” node. The resultingmerged graph includes two parallel paths (e.g., path “ST→XYZ→EN” andpath “ST→ABC→EN”) representing the two concurrent edits received fromthe two collaborating devices (e.g., Device A and Device B). Similarly,when merging Device A's local graph into Device B's local graph, a newpath (“A”→“B”→“C”) is added to Device B's local graph between the“START” node and the “END” node. The resulting merged graph includes twoparallel paths representing the two concurrent edits received from thetwo collaborating devices (e.g., Device A and Device B). In fact, themerged graphs on the two collaborating devices are topologicallyidentical and have exactly the same digital or mathematicalrepresentations on the devices. In some embodiments, the communicativeproperty of the graphs (a CRDT data structure) ensures that the mergedgraphs are identical regardless of the order by which the two localgraphs are merged into each other.

As shown in FIG. 5B, the merged graph resulted after the firstsynchronization event is no longer a linear sequence. In order totransform the merged graph into a linear string for display, in someembodiments, the graph is topologically traversed in a deterministicorder based on the unique object IDs of the nodes. As used herein, theexpression “unique object identifier of a node” is interchangeable with“unique object identifier of the object represented by the node”.

In some embodiments, when two or more parallel paths are encounteredafter a node in the graph, the order by which the two or more parallelpaths are traversed is determined by the ordering of the unique objectIDs for the respective set of nodes in the two or more parallel paths.For example, the unique object IDs for the nodes in the path “A→B→C”each include the device ID (e.g., “A”) of Device A, and the uniqueobject IDs for the nodes in the path “X→Y→Z” each include the device ID(e.g., “B”) of Device B. In some embodiments, the device IDs or replicaIDs of the collaborating devices are given a predetermined order, andthis order is utilized in the comparison of the lowest unique object IDspresent in each of the multiple parallel paths.

In some embodiments, when there is more than one node in a path, theorder of two parallel paths is determined by a comparison of the minimumunique object IDs present in each path. For example, among the nodes for“A”, “B”, and “C”, the minimum object ID (e.g., represented by min(“A”,“B”, “C”)) is the unique ID of node “A”, because the character “A” wasthe first among the three characters input by the user of Device A.Similarly, among the nodes for “X”, “Y”, and “Z”, the minimum object ID(e.g., represented by min(“X”, “Y”, “Z”)) is the unique object ID ofnode “X”, because the character “X” was the first among the threecharacters input by the user of Device B. In this particular example,the minimum object ID in path “A→B→C” starts with the device ID “A”, andthe minimum object ID in path “X→Y→Z” starts with the device ID “B”.Given the predetermined order for the device IDs, e.g., the device ID“A” precedes the device ID “B”, the path “A→B→C” is traversed before thepath “X→Y→Z”.

In some embodiments, unique object IDs increase monotonically, so thatany object added to the graph is ordered after any existing object inthe graph. This ensures that the added object will not change theordering of any branches in the graph by inserting an object with anobject ID less than the current minimum object ID on any of thebranches. In some embodiments, this is implemented by incrementing thelocal clock on insertion of each object and also on merging of thegraphs during each synchronization event to ensure that the local clockis greater than all object IDs already in the graphs. With such animplementation, any future additions to the graph are guaranteed not tochange the lowest object ID of any branch. In some embodiments, theobject IDs of new objects all have a leading portion based on a currentsynchronization epoch number of the synchronization event that has justbeen completed. Thus, later additions to the graph all have higher epochnumbers which ensures that their object IDs cannot be lower than theobject IDs of the existing nodes in the merged graph.

In some embodiments, based on the above ordering rule for parallelpaths, the traversal through the merged graph shown in FIG. 5B resultsin a linear sequence “START”→“A”→“B”→“C”→“X”→“Y”→“Z”→“END”. During thetraversal, the first path “A→B→C” is completely exhausted before thesecond path “X→Y→X” is traversed. The synchronization event is completedwith a re-rendering of the objects in the document in accordance withthe merged graph, and the ordering of the objects in the document isbased on the linear sequence produced by the deterministic traversal ofthe merged graph. As shown in FIG. 5B, the string “ABCXYZ” is displayedon both collaborating devices at the completion of the firstsynchronization event.

In some embodiments, when a new node can simply be added between twoother existing nodes connected by an existing edge (in other words, thesecond node is a child of the first node), the new node is simplyinserted between the two nodes. This can be done by removing theredundant edge between the two existing nodes and replace it with a newedge leading to the new node and a new edge leading from the new node.As shown in FIG. 5C, when a new character “+” is inserted between thecharacters “A” and “B” at Device A, a new node representing “+” isinserted between the nodes representing “A” and “B”, and the originalblank edge is removed from the local graph at Device A. Similarly, whena new character “&” is inserted between the characters “A” and “B” atDevice B, a new node representing “&” is inserted between the nodesrepresenting “A” and “B”, and the original blank edge is removed fromthe local graph at Device B. Note that, the object IDs of the new nodes“+” and “&” will both be greater than the object IDs of the existingnodes in the graphs, and neither new node will alter the lowest objectID of the branch in which the new node is inserted. This ensures thatthe order by which the different paths are traversed will not change bythe insertions of new nodes into the graph.

In some embodiments, the insertion between two existing objects is not asimple case when the second object is not a direct child of the firstobject in the graph. In other words, the two objects are only adjacentin the document because the first object is the last node in a firstbranch while the second object is the first node in a second branch thatis traversed immediately after the first branch. In such a scenario, ifa new object is to be inserted between the first object and the secondobject in the document, the node representing the new object is insertedafter the node representing the first object, without creating a directlink between the node representing the first object and the noderepresenting the second object in the graph.

In some embodiments, deletion of objects in the document is handled bylabeling each node corresponding to a deleted object with a “deleted”status for a visibility attribute of the node. The “deleted” status isalso referred to as a “tombstone”. A “tombstoned” or “deleted” statusattached to a node indicates that the node should not be included in therendering of the document; however, the node labeled with the “deleted”status is still considered during merging of graphs and during traversalof graphs. For example, if a new object is to be inserted between afirst object and a second object in the document, but the first objecthas been deleted by another user before the merging, the noderepresenting the new object is inserted after the first objectnonetheless. In another example, the object ID of a “deleted” object isconsidered when determining the minimum object ID among all nodes in abranch, so the ordering of the branches in the graph remains the sameregardless of whether the node with the minimum object ID in any of thebranches has been deleted. In some embodiments, a node with a “deleted”status is skipped during the traversal of the graph, so that the linearsequence obtained through the traversal of the graph does not includeany “deleted” node, and the rendering of the document based on thelinear sequence also does not include any “deleted” node. In someembodiments, a merging solution for “deleted” nodes is that, if anobject/node has a “deleted” status in any of the local graphs beforemerging, the object/node maintains that “deleted” status in the mergedgraph.

As shown in FIG. 5C, the local graph at Device A shows the insertion ofa node for “+” and a “deleted” status for node “Y”, and the local graphat Device B shows the insertion of the node for “&” and the deletedstatus for node “X”. The ordering of the two branches in the graphsduring the respective traversal of the local graphs at Device A andDevice B is not altered by the insertion or the deletion of nodes in thegraphs. The deleted nodes (e.g., “X” and “Y”) are not rendered in thelocal versions of the document, as shown in FIG. 5C.

As shown in FIG. 5D, when merging the local graphs from Device A andDevice B, the nodes with the “deleted” statuses in either graph (e.g.,node “Y” in the local graph of Device A, and node “X” in the local graphof Device B) maintain their respective “deleted” statuses in the mergedgraph after the second synchronization event. In addition, the mergingof the independent insertions by Device A and Device B between nodes “A”and “B” created two parallel paths, one path passing through the nodefor “+” and the other path passing through the node for “&”. Between thetwo new parallel paths located after node “A”, the path including node“+” has a lower minimum object ID than the path including node “&”,because the two nodes have the same epoch sequence number in theirobject IDs, and the device ID portion (e.g., “A”) of the object ID fornode “+” precedes the device ID portion (e.g., “B”) of the object ID fornode “&” in accordance with the predetermined order for Device IDs.Therefore, during the traversal of the merged graph shown in FIG. 5D,the path including node “+” is traversed first, before the pathincluding node “&” is traversed. Consequently, the character “+” appearsin front of the character “&” in the document after the secondsynchronization event is completed.

In some embodiments, a branch (also referred to as a “path”) in a graphsometimes has sub-branches (also referred to as “sub-paths”) emergingfrom a node in the branch. As disclosed herein, in some embodiments,from a source node, two outgoing edges are sorted by comparing theminimum object IDs on any path (including sub-paths) from the edge tothe sink of the original source node. The following example graphpatterns are illustrative:

In the example pattern A above, only a single path exists, the nodes aretraversed according to their order in the path. In the example pattern Babove, two paths exist, neither includes any sub-path. In the examplepattern B, object IDs of node C and node B are compared, and the pathwith the lowest object ID is traversed first. In the example pattern Cabove, two main paths exist between the source node “A” and the sinknode “F”. One of the two main paths includes two sub-paths. In order tosort the two edges A→C and A→B, the minimum object ID existing among thenodes in the first main path (e.g., nodes “C”, “D”, and “E” in the upperpath) is compared to the minimum object ID existing among the node(s) inthe second main path (e.g., node “B” in the lower path). During thetraversal of the main path that passes node “C”, in order to sort thetwo edges C→E and C→D, the object IDs of node “E” and node “D” arecompared. In the example pattern D, two main paths exist between thesource node “A” and the sink node “F.” One of the two main pathsincludes two sub-paths. In order to sort the two edges A→C and A→Dagainst the edge A→B, the minimum object ID existing among the nodes inthe first main path (e.g., nodes “C”, “D”, and “E” in the upper path) iscompared to the minimum object ID existing among the node in the secondmain path (e.g., node “B” in the lower path). In order to sort the twoedges A→C and A→D, the object IDs of node “C” and node “D” are compared.

In some embodiments, the sorting of the nodes in the graph is done inlinear time by a recursive traversal of the graph. The more complexpatterns (e.g., the example pattern D above) are sorted by iterativelystably sorting the edges until all edges end at the same sink. In theexample of patter D above, first edge A→C is sorted relative to edgeA→D, then edges A→C and A→D are sorted relative to edge A→B. The stablesorting ensures that the relationship between edge A→C and edge A→D ismaintained.

In some embodiments, an “undo” operation is implemented for thecollaborating editing environment. In some embodiments, on undoing adeletion of an object (also referred to as “un-deleting” the object),the same object and corresponding object ID need to be restored in thegraph; otherwise, the “undo” operation would not result in a documentthat is the same as before the deletion. In a simple example documentwith a string “AB”, when one replica (e.g., the replica at Device A)deletes the string “AB” and another replica (e.g., the replica at DeviceB) adds a character “Z” between “A” and “B”. The relevant portion of thelocal graph at Device B is updated to A→Z→B. After the merge, if thefirst replica (e.g., the replica at Device A) simply undid the deletionby adding the deleted string “AB” back to the document, the resultingstring would be A→B→Z, which is not a “real” undo of the previousdeletion.

In some embodiments, to handle the “undo” operation properly, the“deleted” status or “tombstone” is made reversible. On deletion of anobject, the object is given a “deleted” status, and the “deleted” statusis given a timestamp in accordance with the deletion time. Then, on an“undo” of the deletion, the “deleted” status of the object is replacedwith an “un-deleted” status, and the “un-deleted” status is given atimestamp in accordance with the undo time. In some embodiments, thetimestamp of the “un-deleted” status is simply incremented by a certainpredetermined amount from the timestamp of the “deleted” status. In anactual implementation, the “deleted” and “un-deleted” statuses are twopossible values of a “visibility” attribute, and the timestampassociated with the “visibility” attribute is updated according to thetime that a corresponding deletion or “undo” operation is performed. Insome embodiments, before changing the value of the “visibility”attribute for a particular object, the device first determines what theprevious local operation performed by the user was, and if the previousoperation was a deletion of the object, the “undo” operation undoes thedeletion of the object by changing the value of the “visibility”attribute of the object to “un-deleted”.

In some embodiment, when merging (e.g., merging a local delete/un-deleteoperation to a local graph or merging two local graphs with differentvisibility statuses for the same object), whether an object should be“tombstoned” (e.g., having the value of its visibility attribute changedto or kept as “deleted”) is determined based on a deleted/un-deletedstatus of that object that has the latest timestamp in all of thegraphs/operations that are being merged. In some embodiments, a newobject has a default value of “visible” or “un-deleted” when it is firstcreated in the document.

In some embodiments, a “redo” operation is handled similarly as the“undo” operation. For example, after undoing a deletion of an object, byredoing the deletion, the value of the “visibility” attribute of theobject is changed from “un-deleted” to “re-deleted”, and the timestampassociated with the value of the “visibility” attribute is incrementedin accordance with the time of the “redo” operation.

FIGS. 5A-5F illustrate an example process for deleting the characters“X” and “Y” and followed by undoing the deletion of the character “Y”and then redoing the deletion of the character “Y”, where a reversible“visibility” attribute is used to implement deletion, “undo” of adeletion, and “redo” of an un-deletion.

As shown in FIG. 5A, when the characters X and Y are added locally atDevice B, Device B adds the nodes for “X” and “Y” in the local graph atDevice B. As shown in FIG. 5B, nodes “X” and “Y” are added into theupdated local graph at device A after the first synchronization event.As shown in FIG. 5C, at time T₂, the character “Y” is deleted at DeviceA, and accordingly, node “Y” is given a “deleted” status with atimestamp corresponding to T₂ in the local graph at Device A. Inaddition, the character “X” is deleted at Device B, and accordingly,node “X” is given a “deleted” status with a timestamp corresponding toT₂. As shown in FIG. 5D, during the second synchronization event, whenmerging the local graphs from the two devices, node “X” and node “Y”both kept their respective “deleted” statuses, because the “deleted”status for each node has a timestamp that is later than the respectiveearlier timestamp given to the node when the node was first created(e.g., a timestamp given according to T₀).

As shown in FIG. 5E, after the deletion of the character “Y”, an “undo”operation is performed at Device A. Since the last local operationperformed at Device A was the deletion of the character “Y”, the “undo”operation will undo the deletion of the character “Y”. As shown in FIG.5E, the “deleted” status of node “Y” is replaced by an “un-deleted”status in the local graph at Device A, and the associated timestamp isincremented in accordance with the time of the “undo” operation (e.g.,T₄). Note that, the “deleted” status and corresponding timestamp (e.g.,a timestamp given according to T₂) for node “Y” is not changed in thelocal graph at Device B, because no local operation has been performedon the deleted character “Y” at Device B since its deletion. As shown inFIG. 5F, during the third synchronization event, when merging the localgraphs from the two devices, the “un-deleted” status of node “Y” in thelocal graph of Device A trumps the “deleted” status of node “Y” in thelocal graph of Device B, because the “un-deleted” status of the node “Y”has a timestamp (e.g., a timestamp given according to T₄) that is laterthan the timestamp given to the “deleted” status of the node “Y” (e.g.,a timestamp given according to T₂).

As shown in FIG. 5G, after the deletion of the character “Y”, a “redo”operation is performed at Device A. Since the last local operationperformed at Device A was the un-deletion of the character “Y”, the“redo” operation will redo the deletion of the character “Y”. As shownin FIG. 5G, the “un-deleted” status of node “Y” is replaced by a“re-deleted” status in the local graph at Device A, and the associatedtimestamp is incremented in accordance with the time of the “redo”operation (e.g., T₆). Note that, the “un-deleted” status andcorresponding timestamp for node “Y” is not changed in the local graphat Device B, because no local operation has been performed on theun-deleted character “Y” at Device B since its un-deletion. As shown inFIG. 5H, during the fourth synchronization event, when merging the localgraphs from the two devices, the “re-deleted” status of node “Y” in thelocal graph of Device A trumps the “un-deleted” status of node “Y” inthe local graph of Device B, because the “re-deleted” status of node “Y”has a timestamp (e.g., a timestamp given according to T₆) that is laterthan the timestamp given to the “un-deleted” status of the node “Y”(e.g., a timestamp given according to T₄).

In some embodiments, style changes are implemented using attributes aswell. Each style has a corresponding attribute, and the attribute takeson one of two or more different values at any given time. In addition,in some embodiments, each attribute has a corresponding timestamp inaccordance with the time that the attribute is given its current value.When merging a new change to a local graph, or when merging two localgraphs, the value of same attribute on the same node is updated inaccordance with the attribute value that is associated with the latesttimestamp. In other words, in some embodiments, styling is handled via a“last-write-wins” setting of object attributes (e.g., text attributessuch as font size, font, italicize status, underline status, boldstatus, etc.). In some embodiments, all attributes on the same node usesthe same timestamp, and when different replicas make different stylechanges on the same node, only style change from one of the replicasthat has the latest timestamp is applied in the merged document. In someembodiments, each attribute is given its own timestamp, and whendifferent replicas make different style changes on the same node, all ofthe style changes are applied in the merged document. If more than onereplica makes changes to the same style, then only the change from oneof the replicas that has the latest timestamp for that style change isapplied in the merged document.

In some embodiments, “undo” and “redo” operations are applied to a localstyle change as well. On an “undo” operation following a local stylechange, the value of the attribute for the changed style is reversed toits original value before the style change, and the timestamp associatedwith the attribute is updated in accordance with the time of the “undo”operation. On a “redo” operation following the “undo” operation, thevalue of the attribute for the changed style is reset to the changedvalue, and the timestamp associated with the attribute is updated inaccordance with the time of the “redo” operation.

FIGS. 5E-5H illustrate an example process for applying a style change(e.g., bolding) to a character (e.g., “Z”) at one replica (e.g., DeviceB), and subsequently applying another style change (e.g., un-bolding) tothe same character (e.g., “Z”) at another replica (e.g., Device A).

As shown in FIG. 5E, the character “Z” is bolded at Device B, and in thelocal graph, the value of the corresponding style attribute (e.g., the“bold status” attribute) is changed from “un-bolded” to “bolded”, andthe timestamp associated with the style attribute (e.g., the “boldstatus” attribute) is updated according to the time of the style change(e.g., T₄). As shown in FIG. 5F, during the third synchronization event,when merging the local graphs from Device A and Device B, the attributevalue “bolded” is given to the “bold status” attribute in the mergedgraph, because the “bolded” attribute value has a timestamp that islater than the timestamp given to node “Z” when the node was firstcreated with the default “un-bolded” attribute value for the “boldstatus” attribute.

As shown in FIG. 5G, at time T₆, the character “Z” is un-bolded again atDevice A, and in the local graph, the value of the corresponding styleattribute (e.g., the “bold status” attribute) is changed from “bolded”to “un-bolded”, and the timestamp associated with the style attribute(e.g., the “bold status” attribute) is updated according to the time ofthe style change (e.g., T₆). As shown in FIG. 5H, during the fourthsynchronization event, when merging the local graphs from Device A andDevice B, the attribute value “un-bolded” is given to the “bold status”attribute of node “Z”, because the “un-bolded” attribute value has atimestamp (e.g., a timestamp given according to T₆) that is later thanthe timestamp given to node “Z” when the character “Z” was last bolded(e.g., a timestamp given according to T₄).

In some embodiments, during a synchronization event, the entireties ofthe local graphs are sent between collaborating devices as the basis forgenerating the merged graph at each collaborating device. This isadvantageous when the network connectivity is unreliable, and ensuringthat full local graphs are received reduces the likelihood ofinconsistencies and errors. In some embodiments, only individual changesmade to the local graphs are sent between collaborating devices. Bysending only the changes to the local graphs (e.g., the baseline localgraph is same as the merged graph obtained from the last synchronizationevent), the synchronization can happen faster and more frequently whichis particularly suitable for real-time collaboration scenarios.

In some embodiments, fragments of the graph are archived and merged intoother versions of the graph. For example, a single object (e.g., asingle character) added in a document is archived as a fragment of thefull graph, and the archive contains any parent object IDs, edges to thenew object, and children object IDs. Delta changes can be generated froma provided timestamp, which enable to collaborating devices to exchangetimestamps to compare differences and then exchange delta changes.

In some embodiments, until a string is serialized for merging withanother string, any local edits can be renamed. Until serialization, anynew changes or characters are given timestamps or unique IDs using aspecial replica ID. On serialization for merging, these identifiers withthe special replica ID are updated to use the correct replica ID (e.g.,device ID). This allows the IDs to be changed locally to optimizerun-length encoding as late as possible.

Although many of the example scenarios are describe in terms of textcharacters as objects in the document, in some embodiments, the actualimplementation run-length encodes ranges of strings. Since IDs ofcharacters that are typed as sequential, they can be stored as aninitial ID and a length. This may reduce the in-memory and archive sizeof the CRDT data structures (e.g., the graphs).

In some embodiments, an optimization for improved run-length encoding(RLE) is to loosen the character ID requirements. Instead of insertingcharacters that are ordered after than all characters already in thedocument, what is really needed is only to ensure that an insertedcharacter has an ID that is ordered after the IDs of the characters oneither side of the new character. This way, monotonicity of characterIDs is still maintained. This implementation meets the topologicalsorting requirements but ensures that fewer jumps in character IDs thatbreak the RLE are required. In some embodiments, this implementationimproves performance in scenarios where two users are typing alternatecharacters. For example, previously, each user's character would beordered after the other, so that a single user's character IDs wouldlook something like “A5, A7, A9 . . . ” which does not compress withRLE.

FIGS. 6A-6P illustrate how collaborative editing in a sketch is achievedin accordance with some embodiments. A sketch is a type of contentobject that is made up of different components, and each component isadded to the sketch by a corresponding drawing command. In someembodiments, a corresponding drawing command is used to create acomponent (e.g., to draw a line, a circle, or any other shape, by simplydrawing on a canvas using a currently selected drawing tool (e.g., apencil, a marker, etc.)). In some embodiments, a corresponding drawingcommand is used to add a preset shape (e.g., a circle, a triangle, aline, a dot, etc.) to a document (e.g., by using a predefined gesturefor the shape (e.g., a gesture with two contacts separated at auser-specified distance to define a radius of a circle or a diagonal ofsquare)). In some embodiments, a corresponding drawing command is usedto fill a shape in the sketch with a preset fill color (e.g., to fill acircle with a red color, to fill Christmas tree shape with a greencolor, etc.). In some embodiments, a corresponding drawing command isused to add a preset content object (e.g., a selected clip art, a greenhat, a red circle, a copy of an existing component in a sketch, etc.) tothe sketch. In some embodiments, a corresponding drawing command (e.g.,a “delete” command) is used to delete an existing component from thesketch. In some embodiments, a corresponding drawing command (e.g., an“erase” command) is used to erase one or more pixels in the sketch. Insome embodiments, a corresponding drawing command is used to change acharacteristic or overall attribute of an existing component (e.g., tochange a transparency of a filled circle) in the sketch. In someembodiments, a corresponding drawing command is used to move an existingcomponent in the sketch. In some embodiments, a corresponding drawingcommand is used to resize an existing component in the sketch. In someembodiments, a corresponding drawing command (e.g., an “undo” command)is used to undo another drawing command that was issued immediatelyprior to the “undo” command. In some embodiments, after issuing an“undo” command, a corresponding drawing command (e.g., a “redo” command)is used to redo the drawing command that was issued immediately prior tothe “undo” command and that was canceled by the “undo” command. In someembodiments, a corresponding drawing command (e.g., an “erase all”command) is used to erase all existing components in the sketch. Otherdrawing commands are possible.

In some embodiments, regardless of how complex or simple a component maybe in a sketch, the component is unitary and indivisible and is onlyadded or removed as a whole using a corresponding drawing command. Eachsketch is a rendering of a sequence of drawing commands. The exactappearance of the final sketch is dependent on the order of the drawingcommands in the drawing command sequence. For example, a later drawingcommand may modify an area of the sketch that was previously covered bya component created by an earlier drawing command.

In some embodiments, when two or more devices collaboratively edit thesame sketch concurrently, there is an ambiguity in the order of thedrawing commands for rendering the final appearance of the sketch. Insome embodiments, sorting the drawing commands from all of thecollaborating devices in accordance with the exact chronological orderof the drawing commands based on a common clock shared by thecollaborating devices can have a number of drawbacks. First, not all ofthe collaborating devices may be online at the same time and real-timemerging and sorting of the drawing commands may not be possible. Inaddition, by merging and sorting the drawing commands based on exactchronological order, drawing commands from different collaboratingdevices are more likely to be interlaced finely, causing unexpectedfinal appearance of the sketch. As described in the following example,when two or more collaborating devices modify the same sketch, thedrawing command received from the different collaborating devices aremerged and sorted based on a modified chronological order, as opposed toexact chronological order.

In some embodiments, the modified chronological order is an order basedon the respective command sequence numbers of the drawing commandsreceived from the different collaborating devices. In some embodiments,the command sequence number of a drawing command includes at least threeparts: (1) a device identifier for a device at which the drawing commandwas first received, (2) a primary local sequence number representing alocal synchronization epoch during which the drawing command was firstreceived, and (3) a secondary local sequence number representing anorder of the drawing command within the local synchronization epoch.

In some embodiments, the device identifier for a respectivecollaborating device is a unique identifier that identifies the device.In some embodiments, the device identifiers of the differentcollaborating devices have a deterministic order. For example, therespective Universal Unique Identifiers (UUIDs) of each collaboratingdevice may be used as the unique device identifier in the respectivecommand sequence numbers of the drawing commands from that collaboratingdevice. The device identifiers of different collaborating devices have adeterministic order in accordance with a predetermined ordering rule. Insome embodiments, other types of unique identifiers can be used as thedevice identifiers, e.g., IP addresses, device serial numbers, etc.,device names, as long as the device identifiers of all of thecollaborating devices involved in the editing of the same sketch have adeterministic order and can be sorted deterministically into a sequencebased on a predetermined ordering rule.

In some embodiments, a local synchronization epoch is represented by anumber that is incremented each time a local synchronization epoch iscompleted on a respective collaborating device. In some embodiments, alocal synchronization epoch at a collaborating device does not alwaysstart and/or end at the same time that a synchronization event among allof the collaborating devices starts or ends. In fact, the samesynchronization event may cause the local synchronization epochnumber(s) to be incremented at some of the collaborating devices, whileleaving the local synchronization epoch number(s) unchanged at others ofthe collaborating devices. In some embodiments, this “unsynchronized”updating of local synchronization epoch numbers in the command sequencenumbers of drawing commands from multiple collaborating devices is onereason for the reduced interlacing effect produced by the merging andsorting of the drawing commands from the multiple collaborating devicesduring a synchronization event.

In some embodiments, for each device of the multiple collaboratingdevices, during each local synchronization epoch of the device, one ormore drawing commands may be received locally at the device (e.g., fromthe user of the device) and one or more drawing commands may be receivedfrom each of the other remote collaborating devices. In someembodiments, a local synchronization epoch at a first device of multiplecollaborating devices is defined as follows: when the last drawingcommand in all of the drawing commands received during a synchronizationperiod was received first at a collaborating device other than the firstdevice (e.g., the last drawing command was first received locally at aremote device and sent to the first device from the remote device duringthe current synchronization event), a next local synchronization epochis started at the first device after the current synchronization event.In some embodiments, starting the next local synchronization epoch atthe first device includes: incrementing the primary local sequencenumber for one or more subsequent drawing commands locally received atthe first device.

In some embodiments, for drawing commands received locally at arespective collaborating device (e.g., drawing commands that aredirectly issued by the user of the collaborating device), a commonprimary local sequence number is assigned to each drawing command thatwas received locally during a respective local synchronization epoch.

In some embodiments, a secondary local sequence number is given to eachdrawing command received locally at a respective device. In someembodiments, during each local synchronization epoch, the secondarylocal sequence numbers increase monotonically. In other words, thesecondary local sequence number given to each new drawing commandreceived locally at the device is greater than the secondary localsequence numbers given to all earlier drawing commands locally receivedat the device during the current local synchronization epoch. In someembodiments, the secondary local sequence number is restarted at thebeginning of each local synchronization epoch (e.g., when the primarylocal sequence number is incremented). In some embodiments, thesecondary local sequence numbers for locally received drawing commandsincrease monotonically at the device regardless of the localsynchronization epoch in which each of the drawing commands wasreceived. In some embodiments, starting the next local synchronizationepoch at a first device includes: incrementing the primary localsequence number for a subsequent drawing command locally received at thefirst device; and restarting the secondary local sequence number for thesubsequent drawing command locally received at the first device. In someembodiments, the secondary local sequence number is not restarted, andinstead, continues to be incremented through all local synchronizationepochs at the first device.

In some embodiments, during each synchronization event, drawing commandsreceived locally at a given device and drawing commands received locallyat each of the other collaborating devices remote from the given deviceare merged and sorted in accordance with the unique command sequencenumbers of all of the drawing commands. In some embodiments, merging andsorting each individual new drawing command and one or more past drawingcommands in the command sequence are carried out in accordance with anordering rule. In some embodiments, the ordering rule gives moresignificance to the primary local sequence number than the deviceidentifier, and gives more significance to the device identifier than tothe secondary local sequence number when comparing command sequencenumbers during the sorting of the drawing commands.

In some embodiments, merging and sorting a new drawing command into anexisting command sequence includes updating a status of an attributeassociated with an existing drawing command in the command sequencebased on the new drawing command without inserting the new drawingcommand into the command sequence. In some embodiments, merging andsorting a new drawing command into an existing command sequence includesfinding an insertion location for the drawing command in the commandsequence based on the command sequence numbers of the new drawingcommand and existing drawing commands in the command sequence, andinserting the new drawing command at the identified insertion location.

FIGS. 6A-6P illustrate exemplary user interfaces and changes made tobackend data structures for collaborative sketch editing in accordancewith some embodiments. The user interfaces and changes made to thebackend data structures in these figures are used to illustrate theeffect of the processes described below, including the processes inFIGS. 7B, 9A-9C, and 10A-10F. Although only two collaborating devicesare shown in the following example. The principles illustrated hereinare applicable to the sorting and merging of drawing commands from morethan two sources in the scenario of multi-device collaborative sketchediting.

As shown in FIG. 6A, in some embodiments, the basic merging and sortingof drawing commands from two collaborating devices (e.g., Device A, andDevice B) are based on straight forward comparisons of the uniquecommand sequence numbers of the drawing commands received from the twosources. In some embodiments, the comparisons are based on thepredetermined ordering rule that compare the three components (e.g.,device ID, primary local sequence number, and secondary local sequencenumber) of the command sequence numbers. In some embodiments, thecomparisons of command sequence numbers afford the highest significanceto the comparison of primary local sequence numbers, less significanceto the comparison of device IDs, and the least significance to thecomparison of secondary local sequence numbers in the command sequencenumbers.

In the example shown in FIG. 6A, the device ID for drawing commandslocally received at Device A is “A” and the device ID for drawingcommands locally received at Device B is “B”. A predetermined orderingrule provides that “A” precedes “B”. In addition, in the scenario shownin FIG. 6A, the first synchronization event has occurred at time T₁after two drawing commands have been received at Device A, and onedrawing command has been received at Device B. Suppose that the localsynchronization epoch on both devices starts from “1”. As such, theprimary local sequence numbers for the two drawing commands receivedlocally at Device A is “1”, and the primary local sequence number forthe one drawing command received locally at Device B is also “1”. Sincethe secondary local sequence number of a drawing command reflects thelocal order of the drawing command received locally during a given localsynchronization epoch, the secondary local sequence numbers for the twodrawing commands received locally at Device A are “1” and “2”,respectively. Similarly, the secondary local sequence number for thesingle drawing command received locally at Device B is “1”. In someembodiments, each command sequence number is constructed from its threeparts in an order of decreasing significance. In the example shown inFIG. 6A, the command sequence numbers for the first two drawing commandsreceived locally at Device A are “1A1” and “1A2”, respectively. Thecommand sequence number for the single drawing command received locallyat Device B is “1B1”.

FIG. 6A also illustrates that, before the first synchronization event iscompleted, the local command sequence of each device includes thedrawing commands received locally at the device, and each new drawingcommand received locally at the device is merged into the local commandsequence as it is received. The rule by which the new drawing command ismerged into the local command sequence is no different from the ruleused to merge a new drawing command received from a remote source duringa synchronization event. In fact, the order by which multiple drawingcommands are evaluated for merging and insertion into an existingcommand sequence do not alter the result command sequence obtained whenall of the multiple drawing commands have been properly merged andsorted into the existing command sequence.

As shown in FIG. 6A, during the first synchronization event occurring atT₁, the local command sequence at Device A includes “1A1→1A2”, and a newdrawing command received from Device B is “1B1”. When merging the newdrawing command into the existing local command sequence based on thepredetermined ordering rule, the new drawing command “1B1” is insertedafter the last drawing command “1A2” in the existing local commandsequence at Device A, because the primary local sequence numbers are thesame, and the device ID part of “1A2” precedes the device ID part of“1B1”. The resulting merged local command sequence at Device A is“1A1→1A2→1B1”. At device B, the local command sequence is “1B1”. Whenmerging the new drawing commands received from Device A, first “1A1” isinserted before “1B1” because the device ID part of “1A1” precedes thedevice ID part of “1B1”. Then, the new drawing command “1A2” is insertedafter “1A1” and before “1B1” in the updated local command sequence“1A1→1B1”, because the secondary local sequence number part of “1A1”precedes the local sequence number part of “1A2” and the device ID partof “1A2” precedes the device ID part of “1B1”. The resulting mergedlocal command sequence at Device B is also “1A1→1A2→1B1”. The mergingand sorting of drawing commands are thus completed for the firstsynchronization event.

As shown in FIG. 6B, at time T₂, after the first synchronization eventthat occurred at T₁, the local command sequence at Device A and thelocal command sequence at Device B are identical, and include threedrawing commands in a sequence of “1A1→1A2→1B1”. The sketch on each ofthe two devices is updated in accordance with this new local commandsequence. For example, as shown in FIG. 6B, first a blue square (1A1) isdrawn, then a red circle (1A2) is drawn, and in the end a green triangle(1B1) is drawn. Each drawing command modifies the drawing canvas, and ifmultiple drawing commands affect the same pixel location on the drawingcanvas, the last drawing command wins during the rendering process. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 6B, the red circle covers part of the bluesquare, and the green triangle covers part of the red circle.

In addition to the updates made to the local command sequences at thecollaborating devices, the local epoch number for at least one of thecollaborating devices is also updated at the completion of the firstsynchronization event. In some embodiments, if the last drawing commandin the updated command sequence is not a locally received drawingcommand for a device, the local epoch number for the device isincremented at the completion of the synchronization event. In theexample shown in FIG. 6B, the last drawing command in the updatedcommand sequence after the first synchronization event at T₁ is “1B1”,and it was not locally received at Device A, therefore, the localsynchronization epoch number at Device A is incremented from 1 to 2. Asubsequent drawing command locally received at Device A will have theincremented local synchronization epoch number as its primary localsequence number. In contrast, for Device B, the last drawing command inthe updated command sequence after the first synchronization event at T₁is “1B1”, and it was a drawing command locally received at Device B.Therefore, the local synchronization epoch number at Device B ismaintained at 1. A subsequent drawing command locally received at DeviceB will have the same local synchronization epoch number as before thefirst synchronization event.

In FIG. 6C, during a time period between T₂ and T₃, before a secondsynchronization event has occurred, more drawing commands have beenreceived locally at Device A and Device B, respectively. At Device A, anew drawing command for drawing a “black path” has been received, and anew command sequence number “2A1” has been assigned to the new drawingcommand. The new command sequence number “2A1” includes the primarylocal sequence number “2” which is based on the current localsynchronization epoch number at Device A. Note that the current localsynchronization epoch number has been incremented from “1” to “2” by thelast synchronization event. The new command sequence number “2A1” alsoincludes the secondary local sequence number “1” which indicates thatthe new command is the first drawing command received locally after thestart of the current local synchronization epoch. The new drawingcommand “2A1” is added to the end of the local command sequence atDevice A because it has the largest primary sequence number among alldrawing commands in the local command sequence at Device A.

At device B, a new drawing command for drawing a “yellow star” has beenreceived, and a new command sequence number “1B2” has been assigned tothe new drawing command. The new command sequence number “1B2” includesthe primary local sequence number “1” which is based on the currentlocal synchronization epoch number at Device B. Note that the currentlocal synchronization epoch number has not been altered by the lastsynchronization event. The new command sequence number “1B2” alsoincludes the secondary local sequence number “2” which indicates thatthe new command is the second drawing command received locally after thestart of the current local synchronization epoch at device B. The newdrawing command “1B2” is added to the end of the local command sequenceat Device B because it has the same primary sequence number and deviceID as the last command (e.g., “1B1”) in the local command sequence, anda larger secondary sequence number than the secondary sequence number ofthe last command in the local command sequence at Device B.

As shown in FIG. 6C, during the second synchronization event occurringat T₃, the local command sequence at Device A includes“1A1→1A2→1B1→2A1”, and a new drawing command received from Device B is“1B2”. When merging the new drawing command into the existing localcommand sequence based on the predetermined ordering rule, the newdrawing command “1B2” is inserted before the last drawing command “2A1”in the existing local command sequence at Device A, because the primarylocal sequence number in “1B2” precedes the primary local sequencenumber in “2A1”. The resulting merged local command sequence at Device Ais “1A1→1A2→1B1→1B2→2A1”. At device B, the local command sequence is“1A1→1A2→1B1→1B2”. When merging the new drawing commands received fromDevice A, “2A1” is inserted after “1B2” because the primary sequencenumber of “1B2” precedes the primary sequence number of “2A1”. Theresulting merged local command sequence at Device B is also“1A1→1A2→1B1→1B2→2A1”. The merging and sorting of drawing commands arethus completed for the second synchronization event.

As shown in FIG. 6D, at time T₄, after the second synchronization eventthat occurred at T₃, the local command sequence at Device A and thelocal command sequence at Device B are identical, and include fivedrawing commands in a sequence of “1A1→1A2→1B1→1B2→2A1”. The sketch oneach of the two devices is updated in accordance with this new localcommand sequence. For example, as shown in FIG. 6D, a blue square (1A1),a red circle (1A2), a green triangle (1B1), a yellow star (1B2), and ablack path (2A1) are drawn in sequence on the canvas. For example, asshown in FIG. 6D, the yellow star covers part of the blue square, thered circle, and the green triangle, and the black path covers part ofthe blue square, the red circle, the green triangle, and the yellowstar.

In addition to the updates made to the local command sequences at thecollaborating devices, the local synchronization epoch number for atleast one of the collaborating devices is also updated. In the exampleshown in FIG. 6D, the last drawing command in the updated commandsequence after the second synchronization event at T₃ is “2A1”, and itwas not locally received at Device B. Therefore, the localsynchronization epoch number at Device B is incremented from 1 to 2 atthe completion of the second synchronization event. A subsequent drawingcommand locally received at Device B will have the incremented localsynchronization epoch number as its primary local sequence number. Incontrast, for Device A, the last drawing command in the updated commandsequence after the second synchronization event at T₃ is “2A1”, and itwas a drawing command locally received at Device A. Therefore, the localsynchronization epoch number at Device A is maintained at 2. Asubsequent drawing command locally received at Device A will have thesame local synchronization epoch number as before the secondsynchronization event.

Further update to the sketch by locally received drawing commands andnew drawing commands received from the remote collaborating device(s)can continue in the manner as described above, in accordance with therules for assigning command sequence numbers to new drawing commands andthe ordering rules for merging and sorting a new drawing command into anexisting command sequence.

FIGS. 6E-6G illustrate a process for merging and sorting an “erase”command into an existing command sequence. An “erase” command removesall colored pixels in its path. In some embodiments, an “erase” commandis issued when the user selects an “eraser” tool and drags the erasertool across the sketch canvas. In some embodiments, the “erase” commandis treated like any other drawing commands that color pixels within ashape on the canvas, when sorting and merging the “erase” command intoan existing command sequence. The “erase” command differs from otherdrawing commands in that, instead of changing the color of pixels into apre-selected color, the “erase” command changes all colored pixels inits path into the same color as the background color of the canvas.

As shown in FIG. 6E, suppose that, at time T₂, after the firstsynchronization event that occurred at T₁, the local command sequencesat both Device A and Device B are “1A1→1A2→1B1”. The localsynchronization epoch number at Device A has been incremented from “1”to “2” at Device A, while the local synchronization epoch number atDevice B is still “1”.

As shown in FIG. 6F, during the time period between T₂ and T₃, andbefore the second synchronization event has occurred, a new drawingcommand “erase” (2A1) is added to the local command sequence at DeviceA, and a new drawing command “yellow star” (1B2) is added to the localcommand sequence at Device B. The local command sequence at Device Abefore the second synchronization event is “1A1→1A2→1B1→2A1”. The localcommand sequence at Device B before the second synchronization event is“1A1→1A2→1B1→1B2”. During the second synchronization event occurring attime T₃, when merging the two local command sequences, the drawingcommand “1B2” is inserted before the drawing command “2A1”, because theprimary local sequence number of “1B2” precedes the primary localsequence number of “2A1.” Thus, the merged command sequence after thesecond synchronization event is “1A1→1A2→1B1→1B2→2A1” at both devices.

As shown in FIG. 6G, after the second synchronization event thatoccurred at time T₃, the local synchronization epoch number at Device Ais maintained at “2” because subsequent new commands received locally atDevice A (e.g., 2A2, 2A3, . . . ) are to be ordered after the lastcommand in the merged command sequence, namely 2A1. In contrast, thelocal synchronization epoch number at Device B is incremented from “1”to “2” to ensure that subsequent new commands received locally at DeviceB (e.g., 2B1, 2B2, . . . ) are ordered after the last command in themerged command sequence, namely 2A1. If the local synchronization epochnumber was not incremented, subsequent new commands received locally atDevice B (e.g., 1B3, 1B4, . . . ) would be ordered before the lastmerged command, namely 2A1. When rendering the sketch based on themerged command sequence “1A1→1A2→1B1→1B2→2A1”, the blue square, the redcircle, the green triangle, and the yellow star are drawn in sequence.At last, when rendering the “erase” command, all colored pixels in thepath of the eraser tool are turned into the background color of thecanvas, as shown in FIG. 6G.

In some embodiments, each drawing command is assigned a timestamp whenit is first received locally at a device. In some embodiments, thetimestamp given to the drawing command is based on a local clock used atthe Device at which the drawing command was first received. In someembodiments, an “undo” command is used to turn a “visibility” status ofthe last drawing command to “invisible”, and a “redo” command is used toturn the “visibility” status of the last drawing command that has been“undone” back to “visible”. In some embodiments, the timestamp of thedrawing command is updated in accordance with the time that the “undo”or “redo” command was locally received at the device. In someembodiments, the “undo” command and the “redo” command do not create aseparate command entry in the command sequence. In some embodiments,when merging the “undo” command into the existing command sequence, oneof the existing command in the command sequence (e.g., the last“visible” drawing command in the command sequence) is identified as the“target” of the “undo” command, and the “undo” command hides the“target” command (e.g., turns the visibility status of the “target”command to “invisible”). In some embodiments, when merging the “redo”command into the existing command sequence, one of the existing commandin the command sequence (e.g., the drawing command in the commandsequence that was last turned “invisible”) is identified as the “target”of the “redo” command, and the “redo” command un-hides the “target”command (e.g., turns the visibility status of the command back to“visible”).

FIGS. 6H-6J illustrate the merging and sorting of an “undo” command intoan existing command sequence when the “undo” command is first receivedlocally at a device (e.g., Device A), and the merging and sorting of an“undo” command into an existing command sequence during asynchronization event, in accordance with some embodiments.

As shown in FIG. 6H, at time T₂ after a previous synchronization eventthat occurred at T₁, the local command sequence at Device A is“1A1→1A2→1B1→2A1” and the local command sequence at Device B is“1A1→1A2→1B1→1B2”. The last two drawing commands 1B1→2A1 in the localcommand sequence at Device A is a command for drawing a green triangleand an “erase” command. The timestamps associated with command 1B1 isbased on T₁, and the timestamp associated with command 2A1 is based onT₂. The timestamp associated with command 1B2 is also based on T₂.

As shown in FIG. 6I, during a time period between T₂ and T₃, and beforethe second synchronization event, two consecutive “undo” commands arereceived locally at Device A. When merging the first “undo” command intothe local command sequence at Device A, the last visible drawing command(e.g., the “erase” command (2A1)) in the local command sequence prior tothe receipt of the first “undo” command is identified as the target ofthe first “undo” command, and the visibility status of the last visibledrawing command is turned to “invisible”, as indicated by thestrike-through line across the “erase” command in the command sequenceat Device A. The timestamp of the “erase” command (2A1) in the localcommand sequence at device A is updated in accordance with the receipttime of the first “undo” command (e.g., labeled as @T₃). When mergingthe second “undo” command, the last visible drawing command (e.g., the“draw green triangle” command (1B1)) in the local command sequence priorto the receipt of the second “undo” command was identified as the targetof the second “undo” command, and the visibility status of the lastvisible drawing command is turned to “invisible”, as indicated by thestrike-through line across the “green triangle” command in the commandsequence at Device A. The timestamp of the “green triangle” command(1B1) in the local command sequence at device A is updated in accordancewith the receipt time of the second “undo” command (e.g., labeled as@T₃). In contrast, the timestamps for the same command (e.g., “1B1”)remain unchanged (e.g., based on T₁) at Device B.

As shown in FIG. 6I, during the next synchronization event (e.g., thesecond synchronization event occurring at T₃), when merging the twolocal command sequences, the “invisible” status trumps the “visible”status of the drawing command “1B1” based on the later timestamp (e.g.,the timestamp based on T₃) associated with the drawing command havingthe “invisible” status (e.g., the “invisible” status of the “erase”command at Device A). Therefore, the drawing command “1B1” takes on the“invisible” status and associated timestamp (the timestamp based on T₃)in the merged command sequence. The “invisible” status of the otherdrawing command “2A1” does not raise a conflict during the merging sinceit only exists in one of the local command sequences that are beingmerged. Therefore, the drawing command “2A1” maintains its “invisible”status in the merged command sequence. When merging the drawing command“1B2” into the local command sequence of Device A, drawing command “1B2”is placed after all of the “invisible” commands, as shown in FIG. 6I. Insome embodiments (not shown in FIG. 6I), the ordering of commands duringmerging is based on the comparison of command sequence numbersirrespective of the visibility statuses of the drawing commands that arebeing compared.

FIG. 6J illustrates that after the synchronization event at time T₃, theupdated local command sequences at both devices are “1A1→1A2→→→1B2”,where the strikethrough on the command sequence numbers of “1B1” and“2A1” indicates that the corresponding drawing commands are “invisible”in the updated local command sequences at both devices.

As shown in FIG. 6J, after the synchronization event at time T₃, thelocal synchronization epoch number is incremented from “2” to “3” atDevice A, while the local synchronization epoch number remains at “1” atDevice B. Also shown in FIG. 6J, when the sketch is rendered at bothdevices in accordance with the updated command sequence, the greentriangle and the path of the erase command are not rendered, as theircorresponding drawing command are “invisible” in the updated commandsequences at both devices. The yellow star is the last component that isrendered in the sketch because the corresponding drawing command fordrawing the yellow start is the last “visible” drawing command in theupdated command sequence at both devices.

FIGS. 6J-6M illustrate the merging and sorting of a “redo” command intoan existing command sequence when the “redo” command is first receivedlocally at a device (e.g., Device A) and the merging and sorting of a“redo” command into an existing command sequence during asynchronization event, in accordance with some embodiments.

In FIG. 6J, at time T₄, the local command sequences at both devices arethe same, and include two “invisible” drawing commands “1B1” and “2A1”.In FIG. 6K, during a time period between time T₄ and time T₅, a “redo”command is received locally at Device A. In response to the “redo”command, a “target” of the “redo” command is identified. In thisexample, the “target” of the “redo” command is the first “invisible”drawing command (e.g., “ ”) in the local command sequence at Device A.When merging the “redo” command into the local command sequence atDevice A, the “redo” command changes the visibility status of the targetdrawing command from “invisible” back to “visible” again. In addition,the timestamp associated with the target drawing command is also updatedaccording to the time that the “redo” command was received at Device A.For example, the timestamp of command 1B1 is updated from @T₃ to @T₅ atDevice A. As shown in FIG. 6K, when rendering the sketch at Device A inaccordance with the updated local command sequence, the previouslydisappeared green triangle is restored and the relative order of thegreen triangle and the yellow star are also preserved based on the orderof the drawing commands in the local command sequence at Device. A.

As shown in FIG. 6K, during the time period between time T₄ and time T₅,no “redo” command is issued, so the “invisible” drawing commands “ ” and“ ” remain “invisible” in the local command sequence at Device B. A new“erase” command is received at Device B and is assigned a commandsequence number “1B3” in accordance with the current localsynchronization epoch number (e.g., “1”), and the order of the “erase”command in the current local synchronization epoch (e.g., “3”). The new“erase” command is added to the end of the local command sequence atDevice B based on a comparison between the command sequence numbers“1B2” and “1B3”. FIG. 6K shows that the “erase” command is rendered lastin the sketch at Device B, and changes colored pixels in its path to thebackground color of the canvas.

FIG. 6L shows that during the next synchronization event (e.g., thethird synchronization event occurring at T₅), the local commandsequences from the two devices are merged. When merging the drawingcommands for drawing the green triangle (1B1), the visibility statusassociated with the later timestamp wins. In other words, the visibilitystatus of the command “1B1” is “visible” in the merged command sequence,and the timestamp associated with the command is based on T₅. Whenmerging the new drawing command “erase” (1B3) to the command sequence,the new drawing command “erase” (1B3) is added at the end, after thecommand “1B2”. FIG. 6M shows that, at time T₆, after the completion ofthe third synchronization event that occurred at time T₅, both deviceshave the updated command sequence “1A1→1A2→1B1→→1B2→1B3”. As a result ofthe third synchronization event, the local synchronization epoch numberat Device A is updated from “3” to “4”, while the local synchronizationepoch number at Device B remains at “1”. As shown in FIG. 6M, thesketches on both devices include the green triangle below the yellowstar, and the erase command is rendered last to change all coloredpixels in its path to the background color of the canvas.

FIGS. 6N-6P illustrate the case where an “erase all” command is receivedon one of the two devices before the occurrence of the nextsynchronization event, in accordance with some embodiments. As shown inFIG. 6N, the local command sequences at Device A and Device B areidentical after a previous synchronization event (e.g., the firstsynchronization event that occurred at T₁). At time T₂, the localcommand sequence at both devices is “1A1→1A2→1B1”, for example. Thelocal synchronization epoch number at Device A is updated to “2”, whilethe local synchronization epoch number at Device B remains at “1”.

In FIG. 6O, during a time period between time T₂ and T₃, an “erase all”command is received locally at Device A. When merging the “erase all”command into the existing local command sequence at Device A, no newcommand is added to the local command sequence, instead, the “erase all”command changes the visibility status of all existing drawing commandsin the local command sequence to “invisible”. The timestamps of the“invisible” drawing commands are updated in accordance with the timethat the “erase all” command was received at Device A (e.g., the updatedtimestamp is labeled as “@T₃”). As shown in FIG. 6O, in this example, anew drawing command for drawing a yellow star (1B2) is received atDevice B during the time period between time T₂ and time T₃, and thelocal command sequence at Device B is updated to “1A1→1A2→1B1→1B2”,where the timestamp for command “1B2” is based on receipt time of thecommand (e.g., the timestamp is labeled as @T₃).

FIG. 6O shows that when merging the two local command sequences fromDevice A and Device B, for the common drawing commands (e.g., 1A1, 1A2,and 1B1), the visibility status associated with the later timestampwins, and accordingly, the visibility status of these common commandsare set to “invisible” in accordance with the visibility status of thedrawing commands at Device A. The drawing command “1B2” is added at theend of the merged command sequence, as shown in FIG. 6O.

FIG. 6P shows that, after the second synchronization event that occurredat time T₃, both devices have the same merged command sequence “→→→1B2”,and only the yellow star (1B2) is rendered in the sketch shown on bothdevices.

The examples shown in FIGS. 6A-6P are merely illustrative. In someembodiments, other types of drawing commands may be used to add acomponent in the sketch or change a visual attribute of an existingcomponent in the sketch. In some embodiments, when merging a new drawingcommand that adds a component to the sketch, a new command entry for thenew drawing command is added to the command sequence at an appropriateposition based on comparison of the command sequence number of the newdrawing command and the command sequence number(s) of existing drawingcommands in the command sequence.

In some embodiments, an “undo” command changes the visibility status ofa target command that adds a component to the sketch, and a “redo”command following such an “undo” command restores the visibility statusof the target command. The “undo” and “redo” commands do not create newentries in the command sequence, but alter the timestamp associated withthe altered visibility status. When merging conflicting visibilitystatuses of the same drawing command, the visibility status associatedwith the latest timestamp wins.

In some embodiments, when merging a new drawing command that changes thevalue of a style attribute (e.g., size, color, transparency, etc.)associated with an existing component in the sketch, the new drawingcommand does not create a new entry in the command sequence, and onlyupdates the value of the style attribute and timestamp associated withthe style attribute for the drawing command. When merging drawingcommands with different values for the same style attribute, the valueassociated with the latest timestamp wins.

In some embodiments, an “undo” command immediately following a stylechanging drawing command restores the previous value of a correspondingstyle attribute (e.g., color, magnification, transparency, etc.) for anexisting component in the sketch, and a “redo” command following such an“undo” command restores the value specified by the style changingdrawing command for the existing component. The “undo” and “redo”commands do not create new entries in the command sequence, but changesthe timestamp associated with the altered style value. When mergingdrawing commands with different values for the same style attribute, thevalue associated with the latest timestamp wins.

FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate an exemplary user interface and a process formixed collaborative text and sketch editing, in accordance with someembodiments.

As shown in FIG. 7A, in some embodiments, on an electronic device (e.g.,device 100, FIG. 1A), an application (e.g., a note application) providesa document editing interface 702 (e.g., a note) that allows combinedtext and sketch editing. In the document editing interface 702, adisplayed document includes both editable text and one or more editablesketches. In a collaboration scenario, the document may be concurrentlyedited by multiple users (e.g., using the drawing or character inputtools selected from tools menu 704) on multiple collaborating devices.The editing inputs received from each of the collaborating devices(including the editing inputs received locally at device 100, and theediting inputs received from other devices separately located fromdevice 100. Sometimes, the editing inputs are a mix of some or all ofthe following: (1) text editing inputs (e.g., insertion, deletiontextual characters, changing the styles of existing characters, undo andredo of text editing inputs, etc.), (2) sketch editing inputs thataffect an entire sketch (e.g., creation of a new sketch, deletion of anexisting sketch, moving the position of an existing sketch in thedocument, changing the size of the sketch, etc.), and (3) sketch editinginputs that affect only the internal appearances of existing sketches(e.g., adding and deleting a sketch component (e.g., a line, a circle,etc.), moving a sketch component, changing the size of a sketchcomponent, changing other appearance attribute of a sketch component,undo and redo command that affect the visibility or appearance attributeof an existing sketch component, etc.).

In some embodiments, when collaborative editing inputs affect a contentobject as a whole (e.g., a textual character, a sketch), thecollaborative editing inputs are merged in a first manner, e.g., asdescribed with respect to collaborative text editing in FIGS. 5A-5H. Insome embodiments, when collaborative editing inputs affect the internalappearance of a sketch, the collaborating editing inputs are merged in asecond manner, e.g., as described with respect to collaborative sketchediting in FIGS. 6A-6P. FIG. 7B illustrate an exemplary process forcombined collaborative text and sketch editing, in accordance with someembodiments.

As shown in FIG. 7B, in some embodiments, during each synchronizationperiod, locally at each of the collaborating device, the device receives(710) local edits to a document and assigns unique object sequencenumbers to new content objects (e.g., text characters, sketches, images,clip arts, attachments, hyperlinks, etc.) created by the local edits. Insome embodiments, the local edits are received as raw inputs (e.g.,typed characters, strokes for drawing, etc.), and are rendered on thelocal content page immediately. In some embodiments, the device revises(712) the local graph and/or existing command sequences for the documentbased on the received local edits. In some embodiments, the device alsoreceives (714) remote edits with unique object sequence numbers for newand existing content objects, and/or remote edits with command sequencenumbers for drawing commands, from other collaborating devices. In someembodiments, edits received from remote sources (e.g., othercollaborating devices) are optionally in the form of full graphs,partial graphs indicating changes to the full graph, or raw inputs. Insome embodiments, for edits on sketch objects, full command sequencesfor changed or new sketch objects, or changed portions of commandsequences for changed sketch objects are optionally received from remotecollaborating devices.

In some embodiments, the device revises (716) the local graph and/orexisting command sequences based on remote edits from each remotecollaborating device. In some embodiments, for each of the remoteediting inputs, the device modifies (718) the local graph based on theremote editing input by adding nodes and/or paths, removing redundantedges, and/or changing attribute values and associated timestamps ofexisting nodes in the local graph. This is also referred to as themerging of the graphs. In some embodiments, the types of editing inputsthat result in a change in the local graph include insertion of text,deletion of text, formatting of text, undo of a previous text edit, redoof a previous text edit, creation of a new sketch, deletion of anexisting sketch, undo of a deletion or resize of an existing sketch,change in the position of an existing sketch, and resizing of anexisting sketch, for example. In some embodiments, if the remote editinginput includes modification to the internal appearance of an existingsketch, such remote editing input is processed separately based on therules for merging and sorting drawing commands (see process 720).

In some embodiments, the device traverses (722) the local graph obtainedafter merging all edits (local and remote) received during the currentsynchronization period, in a deterministic order (e.g., based on thetraversal rules described with respect to FIGS. 5A-5H), to obtain anobject sequence. This is the sorting of the nodes in the merged localgraph. Then, the device renders and displays (724) content objects inthe document in accordance with the object sequence. When encountering asketch object in the object sequence, the device renders the sketchobject based on the merged command sequence of the sketch object (seeprocess 720 for merging sketch edits to existing command sequences).

In some embodiments, in the process 720 for merging and sorting drawingcommands, the device determines (726), for each node that is a sketchnode and that is modified by an editing input (local or remote) receivedduring the current synchronization period, whether there is any unmergeddrawing command for the node in the editing input. If so, the devicemodifies (728) the command sequence of the node based on the unmergeddrawing command for the node until there is no more unmerged drawingcommand for the node in the editing input. This is the merging andsorting process for drawing commands that determine the internalappearance of a modified sketch object. Once there is no more unmergeddrawing command in the current editing input, the process returns to718. In some embodiments, merging of different command sequences for thesame sketch object may happen during the merging of graphs.Alternatively, in some embodiments, an attribute can be used to flag amodified sketch node during the merging of graphs so that merging ofcommand sequences happen later during the sorting or the rendering ofthe nodes in the graph.

More details of the combined text and sketch editing are described withrespect to FIGS. 5A-5H and 6A-6P above, and are not repeated in theinterest of brevity. An exemplary process for providing mixedcollaborative text and sketch editing is also described with respect toFIG. 10A-10F.

FIGS. 8A-8D illustrate a flow diagram of a method 800 of maintaining aconsistent output based on concurrent textual edits received at multiplecollaborating devices. The method 800 is performed at a first electronicdevice (e.g., device 300, FIG. 3, or portable multifunction device 100,FIG. 1A) of the multiple collaborating devices. The first device has adisplay. In some embodiments, the display is a touch-screen display andthe touch-sensitive surface is on or integrated with the display. Insome embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitivesurface. Some operations in method 800 are, optionally, combined and/orthe order of some operations is, optionally, changed.

As described below, the method 800 provides an intuitive way to providecollaborative text editing. The method reduces the cognitive burden on auser when editing text collaboratively, thereby creating a moreefficient human-machine interface. Further, method 800 reduces theprocessing power consumed to process user inputs, conserves power,reduces unnecessary/extraneous/repetitive inputs, and potentiallyreduces memory usage. For battery-operated devices, such methods andinterfaces conserve battery power and increase the time between batterycharges. For some collaborative contexts, the method may also supportshort-distance communication between devices without the need forInternet access or a central server.

The first device maintains (802) a directed acyclic graph to represent atextual string concurrently edited by the first device and at least asecond device of the multiple collaborating devices. The directedacyclic graph includes a plurality of nodes each representing arespective character input received from one or more of the multiplecollaborating devices. The directed acyclic graph further includesmultiple parallel paths each including at least one node that representsa respective one of multiple concurrent character inputs received fromdistinct devices of the multiple collaborating devices. Examples of thedirected acyclic graph are shown in FIGS. 5B-5H, for example, as thelocal graphs used at Devices A and B.

In some embodiments, the multiple parallel paths include (804) at leastone linear path (e.g., as in the local graphs shown in FIG. 5B). In someembodiments, the multiple parallel paths include (806) at least one paththat further includes multiple parallel sub-paths (e.g., as in the localgraphs shown in FIG. 5E).

The first device topologically traverses (808) the directed acyclicgraph in accordance with a predetermined ordering rule todeterministically sort the plurality of nodes in the directed acyclicgraph into a string sequence, e.g., as illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5H. Thefirst device displays (810) the textual string in accordance with thedeterministically obtained string sequence.

In some embodiments, each node in the directed acyclic graph includes(812) a unique sequence number for the character input represented bythe node. The unique sequence number includes (1) a unique deviceidentifier for a respective device at which the character input wasfirst received, and (2) a local sequence number assigned to thecharacter input in accordance with a local order by which the characterinput was first received at said respective device. In some embodiments,the predetermined ordering rule specifies (814) a fixed order betweenthe unique device identifiers of the multiple collaborating devices andaffords a higher significance to the unique device identifiers than thelocal sequence numbers when comparing the unique sequence identifiers ofthe character inputs in the multiple parallel paths.

In some embodiments, topologically traversing the directed acyclic graphin accordance with the predetermined ordering rule to deterministicallysort the plurality of nodes in the directed acyclic graph into thestring sequence includes (816) sorting nodes from a starting node to anend node of the multiple parallel paths by traversing the multipleparallel paths in an order based on a comparison between respectivelowest character sequence numbers present in each of the multipleparallel paths.

In some embodiments, maintaining a directed acyclic graph to represent atextual string concurrently edited by the first device and at least asecond device of the multiple collaborating devices includes (818)creating the directed acyclic graph based on initial textual editsreceived locally at the first device and modifying the directed acyclicgraph based on additional textual edits received from each of themultiple collaborating devices based on relative timing and relativelocations of the additional textual edits to the initial textual edits.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onadditional textual edits received from each of the multiplecollaborating devices based on the relative timing and locations of theadditional textual edits to the initial textual edits includes (820)receiving concurrent insertion inputs between a first node and a secondnode in the directed acyclic graph from multiple ones of the multiplecollaborating devices, and for each of the concurrent insertion inputs,creating a respective path from the first node to the second node in thedirected acyclic graph to include one or more nodes representing theinsertion input. In some embodiments, the received insertion inputs fromanother node comprise updates to the directed acyclic graph at the othernode since a last synchronization or merge.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onadditional textual edits received from each of the multiplecollaborating devices based on the relative timing and locations of theadditional textual edits to the initial textual edits includes (822)receiving a deletion input deleting a character represented by arespective node in the directed acyclic graph and, in response to thedeletion input, changing a status of the respective node for thecharacter to “deleted.” The respective node having the “deleted” statusis omitted in the string sequence or skipped when the textual string isdisplayed at the first device in accordance with the string sequence.This is illustrated in FIG. 5C, for example, for the deletion of thecharacter “Y” at device A, and the deletion of the character “X” atdevice B.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onadditional textual edits received from each of the multiplecollaborating devices based on the relative timing and locations of theadditional textual edits to the initial textual edits includes (824)receiving an undo input restoring a deleted character represented by arespective node in the directed acyclic graph. A status of therespective node is a “deleted” status. In response to the undo input,the first device removes the “deleted” status from the respective nodefor the deleted character in the directed acyclic graph and updates aunique sequence number of the respective node for the deleted characterin the directed acyclic graph based on a respective timestamp associatedwith the undo input. This is illustrated in FIG. 5E, for example, forthe un-deletion of the character “Y” at device A.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onadditional textual edits received from each of the multiplecollaborating devices based on the relative timing and locations of theadditional textual edits to the initial textual edits includes (826)receiving a redo input re-deleting a previously un-deleted characterrepresented by a respective node in the directed acyclic graph, whereinthe status of the respective node is an “un-deleted” status; and inresponse to the redo input, changing the status of the respective nodefor the previously un-deleted character to a “re-deleted” status; andupdating the unique sequence number of the respective node for there-deleted character in the directed acyclic graph based on a respectivetimestamp associated with the redo input. This is illustrated in FIG.5G, for example, for the re-deletion of the character “Y” at device A.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onadditional textual edits received from each of the multiplecollaborating devices based on the relative timing and locations of theadditional textual edits to the initial textual edits includes (828)receiving a style input changing a style of a character represented by arespective node in the directed acyclic graph, and, in response to thestyle input, changing a style attribute of the respective node for thecharacter in the directed acyclic graph. The style attribute includes arespective style and a respective timestamp associated with the styleinput. This is illustrated in FIG. 5E, for example, for the bolding ofthe character “Z” at device B.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onadditional textual edits received from each of the multiplecollaborating devices based on the relative timing and locations of theadditional textual edits to the initial textual edits includes (830)receiving concurrent style inputs changing a style of a characterrepresented by a respective node in the directed acyclic graph, whereinthe concurrent style inputs are associated with different devices andtimestamps, and, in response to receiving the concurrent style inputs,changing a style attribute of the respective node for the character inthe directed acyclic graph in accordance with the style input having thelatest timestamp among the concurrent style inputs. This is illustratedin FIG. 5F, for example, for determining whether the character “Z”should be bolded or not after the synchronization event.

It should be understood that the particular order in which theoperations in FIGS. 8A-8D have been described is merely exemplary and isnot intended to indicate that the described order is the only order inwhich the operations could be performed. One of ordinary skill in theart would recognize various ways to reorder the operations describedherein. Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processesdescribed herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g.,methods 900 and 1000, and the methods described with respect to FIGS.5A-5H, 6A-6P, and 7B) are also applicable in an analogous manner tomethod 800 described above with respect to FIGS. 8A-8D. For example, theediting inputs, modifications to the directed acyclic graph, orderingrules, etc. described above with reference to method 800 optionally haveone or more of the characteristics of the editing inputs, modificationsto the directed acyclic graph, ordering rules, etc. described hereinwith reference to other methods described herein (e.g., methods 900, and1000 and the methods described with respect to FIGS. 5A-5H, 6A-6P, and7B). For brevity, these details are not repeated here.

FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate a flow diagram of a method 900 of maintaining aconsistent output based on concurrent drawing edits received at multiplecollaborating devices. The method 900 is performed at a first electronicdevice (e.g., device 300, FIG. 3, or portable multifunction device 100,FIG. 1A) of the multiple collaborating devices. The first device has adisplay. In some embodiments, the display is a touch-screen display andthe touch-sensitive surface is on or integrated with the display. Insome embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitivesurface. Some operations in method 900 are, optionally, combined and/orthe order of some operations is, optionally, changed.

As described below, the method 900 provides an intuitive way to providecollaborative sketch editing. The method reduces the cognitive burden ona user when editing a sketch in collaboration with others, therebycreating a more efficient human-machine interface. The method reducesthe cognitive burden on a user when editing text collaboratively,thereby creating a more efficient human-machine interface. Further,method 800 reduces the processing power consumed to process user inputs,conserves power, reduces unnecessary/extraneous/repetitive inputs, andpotentially reduces memory usage. For battery-operated devices, suchmethods and interfaces conserve battery power and increase the timebetween battery charges. For some collaborative contexts, the method mayalso support short-distance communication between devices without theneed for Internet access or a central server.

The first device maintains (902) a command sequence for a drawingcurrently rendered at the first device. The command sequence includes aplurality of past drawing commands sorted according to respectivesequence numbers of the past drawing commands. A sequence number of adrawing command is defined by (1) a device identifier for a device atwhich the drawing command was first received, (2) a primary localsequence number representing a local synchronization epoch during whichthe drawing command was first received, and (3) a secondary localsequence number representing an order of the drawing command within thelocal synchronization epoch.

The first device (904) receives a plurality of additional drawingcommands from two or more devices of the multiple collaborating devices.Each of the plurality of additional drawing commands has a respectivesequence number.

The first device updates (906) the command sequence, including mergingand sorting the plurality of additional drawing commands and theplurality of past drawing commands in accordance with an ordering rulebased on the respective sequence numbers of the plurality of pastdrawing commands and the plurality of additional drawing commands. Theordering rule gives more significance to the primary local sequencenumber than the device identifier, and gives more significance to thedevice identifier than to the secondary local sequence number whencomparing the respective sequence numbers.

The first device re-renders (908) at least a portion of the drawingbased on the command sequence after updating the command sequence (e.g.,after having merged and sorted the plurality of additional drawingcommands into the command sequence).

In some embodiments, a last drawing command in the plurality ofadditional drawing commands was received (910) first at a collaboratingdevice other than the first device. The first device starts a next localsynchronization epoch. Starting the next local synchronization epochincludes incrementing the primary local sequence number for a subsequentdrawing command locally received at the first device and restarting thesecondary local sequence number for the subsequent drawing commandlocally received at the first device. In some embodiments, the secondarylocal sequence number is not restarted, and instead continues beingincremented through all epochs.

In some embodiments, a last drawing command in the plurality ofadditional drawing commands was received (912) first at the firstdevice. The first device increments the secondary local sequence numberfor a subsequent drawing command locally received at the first device,while maintaining the primary local sequence number of a current localsynchronization epoch for the subsequent drawing command locallyreceived at the first device.

In some embodiments, the plurality of additional drawing commandsinclude (914) an undo command directed to a respective past command inthe command sequence. Updating the command sequence by merging andsorting the plurality of additional drawing commands and the pluralityof past drawing commands includes merging the undo command with therespective past command in the command sequence by identifying thecorresponding past drawing command in the command sequence and changinga visibility attribute of the corresponding past drawing command in thecommand sequence to “invisible.” The “invisible” attribute of thecorresponding past drawing command causes said drawing command to beskipped during the re-rendering of the drawing. This is illustrated inFIG. 6I, for example, by the merging of the two undo commands receivedat device A.

In some embodiments, after receiving the undo command, the first devicereceives (916) a redo command directed to the undo command. In responsereceiving the redo command, the first device (918) changes thevisibility attribute of the corresponding past drawing command in thecommand sequence to “visible”, wherein the “visible” attribute of thecorresponding past drawing command causes said drawing command to berendered in a next re-rendering of the drawing. This is illustrated inFIG. 6K, for example, by the merging of the redo command received atdevice A.

In some embodiments, the plurality of additional drawing commandsincludes (920) an “erase all” command. Merging the “erase all” commandwith the plurality of past drawing commands in the command sequenceincludes: identifying all past drawing commands in the command sequencethat were present at the first device before receipt of the “erase all”command and changing respective visibility attributes of the identifiedpast drawing commands in the command sequence to “invisible.” Therespective “invisible” attributes of the identified past drawingcommands cause said identified past drawing commands to be skippedduring the re-rendering of the drawing. This is illustrated in FIG. 6O,for example, by the merging of the “erase all” command received atdevice A.

In some embodiments, for each change in a respective visibility statusof a respective drawing command, the first device updates (922) atimestamp associated with the respective drawing command in accordancewith a receipt time of a respective drawing command that triggered thechange in the respective visibility status of the respective drawingcommand.

In some embodiments, merging and sorting the plurality of additionaldrawing commands and the plurality of past drawing commands inaccordance with the respective sequence numbers of the plurality of pastdrawing commands and the plurality of additional drawing commandsfurther includes (924): comparing respective timestamps assigned to twoor more conflicting drawing commands in the plurality of past drawingcommands and the plurality of additional drawing commands; and selectingone of the two or more conflicting drawing commands for inclusion in theupdated command sequence in lieu of the two or more conflicting drawingcommands, wherein the selected drawing command has a latest timestampamong the respective timestamps assigned to the two or more conflictingdrawing commands.

In some embodiments, the plurality of additional drawing commandsinclude (926) an erase command to erase one or more existing pixels inthe drawing. Updating the command sequence by merging and sorting theplurality of additional drawing commands and the plurality of pastdrawing commands includes sorting the erase command against at least afirst additional drawing command in the plurality of additional drawingcommands based on the ordering rule. The sorting places the erasecommand after the first additional drawing in the updated commandsequence. Re-rendering the drawing includes erasing at least some pixelsthat would have been drawn in accordance with the first additionaldrawing command. This is illustrated in FIG. 6F, by the merging of the“erase” command at device A.

It should be understood that the particular order in which theoperations in FIGS. 9A-9C have been described is merely exemplary and isnot intended to indicate that the described order is the only order inwhich the operations could be performed. One of ordinary skill in theart would recognize various ways to reorder the operations describedherein. Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processesdescribed herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g.,methods 800 and 1000, and the methods described with respect to FIGS.5A-5H, 6A-6P, and 7B) are also applicable in an analogous manner tomethod 900 described above with respect to FIGS. 9A-9C. For example, theediting inputs, modifications to the directed acyclic graph, orderingrules, etc. described above with reference to method 900 optionally haveone or more of the characteristics of the editing inputs, modificationsto the directed acyclic graph, ordering rules, etc. described hereinwith reference to other methods described herein (e.g., methods 800, and1000 and the methods described with respect to FIGS. 5A-5H, 6A-6P, and7B). For brevity, these details are not repeated here.

FIGS. 10A-10F illustrate a flow diagram of a method 1000 of supportingcollaborative editing. The method 1000 is performed at a firstelectronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG. 3, or portable multifunctiondevice 100, FIG. 1A) of multiple collaborating devices. The first devicehas a display. In some embodiments, the display is a touch-screendisplay and the touch-sensitive surface is on or integrated with thedisplay. In some embodiments, the display is separate from thetouch-sensitive surface. Some operations in method 900 are, optionally,combined and/or the order of some operations is, optionally, changed.

As described below, the method 1000 provides an intuitive way to supportcollaborative editing, such as mixed collaborative text and sketchediting. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user when editingcollaboratively, thereby creating a more efficient human-machineinterface. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user whenediting text collaboratively, thereby creating a more efficienthuman-machine interface. Further, method 800 reduces the processingpower consumed to process user inputs, conserves power, reducesunnecessary/extraneous/repetitive inputs, and potentially reduces memoryusage. For battery-operated devices, such methods and interfacesconserve battery power and increase the time between battery charges.For some collaborative contexts, the method may also supportshort-distance communication between devices without the need forInternet access or a central server.

The first device maintains (1002) a directed acyclic graph to representcontent collaboratively edited by the first device and one or moresecond devices of the multiple collaborating devices. The directedacyclic graph includes a plurality of nodes each representing arespective content object that is created or edited by one or more ofthe multiple collaborating devices. Each node is connected to at leastone neighboring node by a respective directed edge in accordance with arelative positional order of the respective content objects representedby the node and the at least one neighboring node. At least a first nodeof the plurality of nodes represents a textual content object and atleast a second node of the plurality of nodes represents a sketchcontent object. Each node representing a corresponding sketch contentobject is associated with a respective command sequence used to createinternal content of the corresponding sketch content object. In someembodiments, the directed cyclic graph has nodes to represent bothtextual content objects such as typed characters, and sketch contentobjects such as sketches.

In some embodiments, during a respective synchronization period, thefirst device receives (1004) one or more editing inputs from one or moredevices of the multiple collaborating devices. For example, each of theediting inputs may be received locally from the first device or from anyof the other collaborating devices. In addition, each editing input maybe a character input specifying an edit action (e.g., insert, delete,style change, etc.) on a string or a character, or a sketch inputspecifying a sequence of sketch commands (e.g., various strokes, undo,redo, erase, etc.) on a sketch. In addition, an editing input may alsoinclude an input to start a new sketch or delete an existing sketch as awhole.

The first device modifies (1006) the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed acyclic graph. In some embodiments, themodifying of the graph is in accordance with the set of rules formerging textual edits. The affected node can represent a typedcharacter, a handwritten word, and/or a sketch as a whole, where eachediting input is treated as a single discrete operation on a singlecontent object represented by a node, or a sequence of content objectsrepresented by a sequence of nodes (e.g., insertion of a string ofcharacters between two existing characters).

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed acyclic graph includes (1008) detecting thatthe one or more editing inputs include at least two concurrent insertioninputs between a first node and a second node in the directed acyclicgraph from multiple ones of the multiple collaborating devices, and, foreach of the concurrent insertion inputs, creating a respective path fromthe first node to the second node in the directed acyclic graph toinclude one or more nodes represented in the insertion input. This isapplicable to concurrent insertion of two or more sketch objects at thesame location by two or more collaborating devices, for example.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed acyclic graph includes (1010) detecting thatthe one or more editing inputs include a deletion input deleting acontent object represented by a respective node in the directed acyclicgraph, and, in response to the deletion input, changing a status of therespective node for the object to “deleted.” The respective node havingthe “deleted” status is omitted during display rendering of the contentbased on the modified directed acyclic graph. This is applicable todeletion of a sketch object, for example.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed acyclic graph includes (1012) detecting thatthe one or more editing inputs include an undo input restoring a deletedcontent object represented by a respective node in the directed acyclicgraph, where a status of the respective node is a “deleted” status.Modifying the directed acyclic graph based on relationships between theediting inputs and existing content objects embodied in the directedacyclic graph further includes, in response to the undo input, removingthe “deleted” status from the respective node for the deleted contentobject in the directed acyclic graph and updating a unique objectsequence number of the respective node for the deleted content object inthe directed acyclic graph based on a respective timestamp and arespective source device associated with the undo input. This isapplicable to undoing the deletion of a sketch object, for example.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed acyclic graph includes (1014) detecting thatthe one or more editing inputs include a style input changing a style ofa content object represented by a respective node in the directedacyclic graph and, in response to the style input, changing a styleattribute of the respective node for the content object in the directedacyclic graph. The style attribute includes a respective style and arespective timestamp associated with the style input. This is applicableto a resizing of a sketch object, for example.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed acyclic graph includes (1016) detecting thatthe one or more editing inputs include at least two concurrent styleinputs changing a style of a content object represented by a respectivenode in the directed acyclic graph, wherein the concurrent style inputsare associated with difference devices and timestamps and, in responseto receiving the concurrent style inputs, changing a style attribute ofthe respective node for said content object in the directed acyclicgraph in accordance with the style input having the latest timestampamong the concurrent style inputs. This is applicable to resolvingconflicting concurrent style changes (e.g., resizing) to a sketch objectby multiple collaborating devices, for example.

The first device traverses (1018) the directed acyclic graph inaccordance with a predetermined ordering rule to obtain an objectsequence.

The first device determines (1020) whether the one or more editinginputs modifies an existing sketch content object represented in thedirected acyclic graph. In some embodiments, an existing sketch contentobject is represented in the graph by a respective node just like atyped character or a handwritten word, except that the node isassociated with a command sequence used to create the sketch contentobject. In some embodiments, an editing input associated with a sketchcontent object includes a sequence of one or more drawing commandsdirected to the sketch content object.

In accordance with a determination that a first editing input of the oneor more editing inputs modifies a first existing sketch content objectrepresented in the directed acyclic graph, the first device updates(1022) a command sequence associated with the first existing sketchcontent object by merging each individual drawing command included thefirst editing input with the command sequence associated with the firstexisting sketch content object. In some embodiments, the additionalediting input includes a sequence of one or more drawing commands, andthey are merged with the sequence of existing drawing commands in thesketch object in a manner to avoid interlacing of the commands.

In some embodiments, the first device renders (1024) the first existingsketch content object represented in the modified directed acyclicgraph. For example, the rendering of the first existing sketch contentobject can be part of re-rendering of the whole content in response tothe synchronization. The rendering includes determining a globalposition or state of the first existing sketch content object in thecontent in accordance with a topological traversal of the directedacyclic graph. For example, the position of the sketch may have shifteddue to insertion of characters somewhere before its original position;or the sketch may have been resized, where the resizing can beimplemented as a changed style or attribute on the node representing thesketch; or the global position or state of the sketch may have remainedunchanged during this synchronization period. The rendering furtherincludes determining an internal appearance of the first existing sketchcontent object in accordance with the updated command sequenceassociated with the first existing sketch content object. The renderingfurther includes rendering the first existing sketch content inaccordance with the determined global position or state of the firstexisting sketch content object and in accordance with the determinedinternal appearance of the first existing sketch content object.

In some embodiments, the directed acyclic graph includes (1026) multipleparallel paths each including at least one node that represents arespective one of multiple concurrent editing inputs received fromdistinct devices of the multiple collaborating devices. In someembodiments, concurrent editing inputs include conflicting editinginputs received during the same synchronization period, and notnecessarily at exactly the same instant in time. An example ofconflicting inputs is insertions of two different characters between twoexisting characters in a string by two different devices.

In some embodiments, each node in the directed acyclic graph includes(1028) a unique object sequence number for the respective content objectassociated with the node. The unique object sequence number includes (1)a unique device identifier for a respective device at which therespective content object was first created, and (2) a local sequencenumber assigned to the respective content object in accordance with alocal order by which the respective content object was first created atsaid respective device. In some embodiments, each content object (e.g.,a typed character, a handwritten word, or a sketch) is assigned itscontent sequence number locally, and when merging, the node for the sametyped character from multiple sources takes the lowest object sequencenumber generated for the node by multiple input sources. Typically, eachsketch and handwriting word has just one original creator, so the objectsequence number given by its creator is used as the object sequencenumber of the node representing the sketch or handwritten word.

In some embodiments, for each node representing a sketch content object,the node is associated (1030) with a sequence of one or more drawingcommands directed to the sketch content object. Each of the one or moredrawing commands has a respective command sequence number, and therespective command sequence number includes (1) a device identifier fora device at which the drawing command was first received, (2) a primarylocal sequence number representing a local synchronization epoch duringwhich the drawing command was first received, and (3) a secondary localsequence number representing an order of the drawing command within thelocal synchronization epoch.

In some embodiments, epoch numbers are updated at a device as follows:when a last drawing command in all of drawing command received during asynchronization period was received first at a collaborating deviceother than the first device, a next local synchronization epoch isstarted at the first device. Starting a next local synchronization epochat the first device includes: incrementing the primary local sequencenumber for a subsequent drawing command locally received at the firstdevice; and restarting the secondary local sequence number for thesubsequent drawing command locally received at the first device. In someembodiments, the secondary local sequence number is not restarted, andinstead continues being incremented through all epochs.

In some embodiments, the first device topologically traverses (1032) thedirected acyclic graph in accordance with a predetermined ordering ruleto deterministically sort the plurality of nodes in the directed acyclicgraph into an object sequence. In some embodiments, topologicallytraversing the directed acyclic graph in accordance with thepredetermined ordering rule to deterministically sort the plurality ofnodes in the directed acyclic graph into the object sequence includes(1034) sorting nodes between a starting node to an end node of a set ofmultiple parallel paths by traversing the set of multiple parallel pathsin an order based on a comparison between respective lowest objectsequence numbers present in each of the set of multiple parallel paths.Note that, the lowest object sequence number in a particular path is notnecessarily the first node in the path. In some embodiments, theparallel paths between the same starting and end nodes are traversed inthe order of ascending lowest object sequence numbers. In someembodiments, the predetermined ordering rule specifies (1036) a fixedorder between the unique device numbers of the multiple collaboratingdevices, and affords a higher significance to the unique device numbersthan the local sequence numbers when comparing unique object sequencenumbers. The first device renders (1038) the content in accordance withthe deterministically obtained object sequence for display at the firstdevice.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that a firstediting input of the one or more editing inputs modifies the firstexisting sketch content object represented in the directed acyclicgraph, updating the command sequence associated with the first existingsketch content object by merging each individual drawing commandincluded the first editing input with the command sequence associatedwith the first existing sketch content object includes (1040) mergingand sorting each individual drawing command and one or more past drawingcommands in the command sequence in accordance with an ordering rulebased on respective command sequence numbers of the one or more pastdrawing commands and said each individual drawing command. The orderingrule gives more significance to the primary local sequence number thanthe device identifier, and gives more significance to the deviceidentifier than to the secondary local sequence number when comparingcommand sequence numbers.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that a firstediting input of the one or more editing inputs modifies the firstexisting sketch content object represented in the directed acyclicgraph, updating the command sequence associated with the first existingsketch content object by merging each individual drawing commandincluded the first editing input with the command sequence associatedwith the first existing sketch content object includes (1042) detectingthat the first editing input is an undo command directed to a respectivepast drawing command in the command sequence and changing a visibilityattribute of the respective past drawing command in the command sequenceto “invisible.” The “invisible” attribute of the respective past drawingcommand causes said past drawing command to be skipped during are-rendering of the existing first sketch content object at the firstdevice. In some embodiments, the first device receives (1044) a redocommand directed to the undo command in a later synchronization period.In response receiving the redo command, the first device changes (1046)the visibility attribute of the respective past drawing command in thecommand sequence to “visible.” The “visible” attribute of the respectivepast drawing command causes said past drawing command to be rendered ina next re-rendering of the existing first sketch object associated withthe later synchronization period.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that a firstediting input of the one or more editing inputs modifies the firstexisting sketch content object represented in the directed acyclicgraph, updating the command sequence associated with the first existingsketch content object by merging each individual drawing commandincluded the first editing input with the command sequence associatedwith the first existing sketch content object further includes (1048)detecting that the first editing input is an “erase all” command,identifying all past drawing commands in the command sequence that werepresent at the first device before receipt of the “erase all” command,and changing respective visibility attributes of the identified pastdrawing commands in the command sequence to “invisible.” The respective“invisible” attributes of the identified past drawing commands causesaid identified past drawing commands to be skipped during are-rendering of the first existing sketch content object.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that a firstediting input of the one or more editing inputs modifies the firstexisting sketch content object represented in the directed acyclicgraph, updating the command sequence associated with the first existingsketch content object by merging each individual drawing commandincluded the first editing input with the command sequence associatedwith the first existing sketch content object includes (1050) detectingthat the first editing input is an erase command to erase one or moreexisting pixels in the first existing sketch content object and sortingthe erase command against at least a first additional drawing command inthe editing inputs based on the ordering rule. The sorting places theerase command after the first additional drawing in the updated commandsequence. Re-rendering the first existing sketch content object includeserasing at least some pixels that would have been drawn in accordancewith the first additional drawing command.

It should be understood that the particular order in which theoperations in FIGS. 10A-10F have been described is merely exemplary andis not intended to indicate that the described order is the only orderin which the operations could be performed. One of ordinary skill in theart would recognize various ways to reorder the operations describedherein. Additionally, it should be noted that details of other processesdescribed herein with respect to other methods described herein (e.g.,methods 800 and 900, and the methods described with respect to FIGS.5A-5H, 6A-6P, and 7B) are also applicable in an analogous manner tomethod 1000 described above with respect to FIGS. 10A-10F. For example,the editing inputs, modifications to the directed acyclic graph,ordering rules, etc. described above with reference to method 1000optionally have one or more of the characteristics of the editinginputs, modifications to the directed acyclic graph, ordering rules,etc. described herein with reference to other methods described herein(e.g., methods 800, and 900 and the methods described with respect toFIGS. 5A-5H, 6A-6P, and 7B). For brevity, these details are not repeatedhere.

In accordance with some embodiments, FIG. 11 shows a functional blockdiagram of an electronic device 1100 configured in accordance with theprinciples of the various described embodiments. The functional blocksof the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software,firmware, or a combination thereof to carry out the principles of thevarious described embodiments. It is understood by persons of skill inthe art that the functional blocks described in FIG. 11 are, optionally,combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of thevarious described embodiments. Therefore, the description hereinoptionally supports any possible combination or separation or furtherdefinition of the functional blocks described herein.

As shown in FIG. 11, an electronic device 1100 includes a display unit1102 configured to display a user interface and a processing unit 1104coupled with the display unit 1102. In some embodiments, the processingunit 1104 includes: a maintaining unit 1106, a traversing unit 1108, anda display enabling unit 1110.

The processing unit 1104 is configured to maintain (e.g., with themaintaining unit 1106) a directed acyclic graph to represent a textualstring concurrently edited by the first electronic device and at least asecond electronic device of multiple collaborating devices. The directedacyclic graph includes a plurality of nodes each representing arespective character input received from one or more of the multiplecollaborating devices. The directed acyclic graph further includesmultiple parallel paths each including at least one node that representsa respective one of multiple concurrent character inputs received fromdistinct devices of the multiple collaborating devices. The processingunit 1104 is further configured to topologically traverse (e.g., withthe traversing unit 1108) the directed acyclic graph in accordance witha predetermined ordering rule to deterministically sort the plurality ofnodes in the directed acyclic graph into a string sequence. Theprocessing unit 1104 is further configured to enable display (e.g., withthe display enabling unit 1110) of the textual string in accordance withthe deterministically obtained string sequence.

In some embodiments, each node in the directed acyclic graph includes aunique sequence number for the character input represented by the node.The unique sequence number includes (1) a unique device identifier for arespective device at which the character input was first received, and(2) a local sequence number assigned to the character input inaccordance with a local order by which the character input was firstreceived at said respective device.

In some embodiments, topologically traversing the directed acyclic graphin accordance with the predetermined ordering rule to deterministicallysort the plurality of nodes in the directed acyclic graph into thestring sequence further includes: sorting nodes from a starting node toan end node of the multiple parallel paths by traversing the multipleparallel paths in an order based on a comparison between respectivelowest character sequence numbers present in each of the multipleparallel paths.

In some embodiments, the multiple parallel paths include at least onelinear path.

In some embodiments, the multiple parallel paths include at least onepath that further includes multiple parallel sub-paths.

In some embodiments, the predetermined ordering rule specifies a fixedorder between the unique device identifiers of the multiplecollaborating devices, and affords a higher significance to the uniquedevice identifiers than the local sequence numbers when comparing theunique sequence identifiers of the character inputs in the multipleparallel paths.

In some embodiments, maintaining a directed acyclic graph to represent atextual string concurrently edited by the first electronic device and atleast a second electronic device of the multiple collaborating devicesfurther includes: creating the directed acyclic graph based on initialtextual edits received locally at the first electronic device; andmodifying the directed acyclic graph based on additional textual editsreceived from each of the multiple collaborating devices based onrelative timing and relative locations of the additional textual editsto the initial textual edits.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onadditional textual edits received from each of the multiplecollaborating devices based on the relative timing and locations of theadditional textual edits to the initial textual edits further comprises:receiving concurrent insertion inputs between a first node and a secondnode in the directed acyclic graph from multiple ones of the multiplecollaborating devices; and for each of the concurrent insertion inputs,creating a respective path from the first node to the second node in thedirected acyclic graph to include one or more nodes representing theinsertion input.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onadditional textual edits received from each of the multiplecollaborating devices based on the relative timing and locations of theadditional textual edits to the initial textual edits further comprises:receiving a deletion input deleting a character represented by arespective node in the directed acyclic graph; and in response to thedeletion input, changing a status of the respective node for thecharacter to “deleted,” wherein the respective node having the “deleted”status is omitted in the string sequence or skipped when the textualstring is displayed at the first electronic device in accordance withthe string sequence.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onadditional textual edits received from each of the multiplecollaborating devices based on the relative timing and locations of theadditional textual edits to the initial textual edits further comprises:receiving an undo input restoring a deleted character represented by arespective node in the directed acyclic graph, wherein a status of therespective node is a “deleted” status; and in response to the undoinput, removing the “deleted” status from the respective node for thedeleted character in the directed acyclic graph; and updating a uniquesequence number of the respective node for the deleted character in thedirected acyclic graph based on a respective timestamp associated withthe undo input.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onadditional textual edits received from each of the multiplecollaborating devices based on the relative timing and locations of theadditional textual edits to the initial textual edits further comprises:receiving a redo input re-deleting a previously un-deleted characterrepresented by a respective node in the directed acyclic graph, whereinthe status of the respective node is an “un-deleted” status; and inresponse to the redo input, changing the status of the respective nodefor the previously un-deleted character to a “re-deleted” status; andupdating the unique sequence number of the respective node for there-deleted character in the directed acyclic graph based on a respectivetimestamp associated with the redo input.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onadditional textual edits received from each of the multiplecollaborating devices based on the relative timing and locations of theadditional textual edits to the initial textual edits further comprises:receiving a style input changing a style of a character represented by arespective node in the directed acyclic graph; and in response to thestyle input, changing a style attribute of the respective node for thecharacter in the directed acyclic graph, wherein the style attributeincludes a respective style and a respective timestamp associated withthe style input.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onadditional textual edits received from each of the multiplecollaborating devices based on the relative timing and locations of theadditional textual edits to the initial textual edits further comprises:receiving concurrent style inputs changing a style of a characterrepresented by a respective node in the directed acyclic graph, whereinthe concurrent style inputs are associated with different devices andtimestamps; and in response to receiving the concurrent style inputs,changing a style attribute of the respective node for the character inthe directed acyclic graph in accordance with the style input having thelatest timestamp among the concurrent style inputs.

In accordance with some embodiments, FIG. 12 shows a functional blockdiagram of an electronic device 1200 configured in accordance with theprinciples of the various described embodiments. The functional blocksof the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software,firmware, or a combination thereof to carry out the principles of thevarious described embodiments. It is understood by persons of skill inthe art that the functional blocks described in FIG. 12 are, optionally,combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of thevarious described embodiments. Therefore, the description hereinoptionally supports any possible combination or separation or furtherdefinition of the functional blocks described herein.

As shown in FIG. 12, an electronic device 1200 includes a display unit1202 configured to display a user interface and a processing unit 1204coupled with the display unit 1202. In some embodiments, the processingunit 1204 includes: a maintaining unit 1206, a receiving unit 1208, anupdating unit 1210, a re-rendering unit 1212, a starting unit 1214, anincrementing unit 1216, a changing unit 1218, a merging unit 1220, and asorting unit 1222.

The processing unit 1204 is configured to: maintain (e.g., with themaintaining unit 1206) a command sequence for a drawing currentlyrendered at the first electronic device, wherein the command sequenceincludes a plurality of past drawing commands sorted according torespective sequence numbers of the past drawing commands, and wherein asequence number of a drawing command is defined by (1) a deviceidentifier for a device at which the drawing command was first received,(2) a primary local sequence number representing a local synchronizationepoch during which the drawing command was first received, and (3) asecondary local sequence number representing an order of the drawingcommand within the local synchronization epoch. The processing unit 1204is further configured to receive (e.g., with the receiving unit 1208) aplurality of additional drawing commands from two or more devices ofmultiple collaborating devices, each of the plurality of additionaldrawing commands having a respective sequence number. The processingunit 1204 is further configured to update (e.g., with the updating unit1210) the command sequence, including merging and sorting the pluralityof additional drawing commands and the plurality of past drawingcommands in accordance with an ordering rule based on the respectivesequence numbers of the plurality of past drawing commands and theplurality of additional drawing commands, wherein the ordering rulegives more significance to the primary local sequence number than thedevice identifier, and gives more significance to the device identifierthan to the secondary local sequence number when comparing therespective sequence numbers. The processing unit 1204 is furtherconfigured to re-render (e.g., with the re-rendering unit 1212) at leasta portion of the drawing based on the command sequence after updatingthe command sequence.

In some embodiments, a last drawing command in the plurality ofadditional drawing commands was received first at a collaborating deviceother than the first device, and the processing unit 1204 is furtherconfigured to: start (e.g., with the starting unit 1214) a next localsynchronization epoch at the first device, comprising: incrementing theprimary local sequence number for a subsequent drawing command locallyreceived at the first device; and restarting the secondary localsequence number for the subsequent drawing command locally received atthe first device.

In some embodiments, a last drawing command in the plurality ofadditional drawing commands was received first at the first device, andthe processing unit 1204 is further configured to: increment (e.g., withthe incrementing unit 1216) the secondary local sequence number for asubsequent drawing command locally received at the first device, whilemaintaining the primary local sequence number of a current localsynchronization epoch for the subsequent drawing command locallyreceived at the first device.

In some embodiments, the plurality of additional drawing commandsinclude an undo command directed to a respective past command in thecommand sequence, and wherein updating the command sequence by mergingand sorting the plurality of additional drawing commands and theplurality of past drawing commands further comprises: merging the undocommand with the respective past command in the command sequence by:identifying the corresponding past drawing command in the commandsequence; and changing a visibility attribute of the corresponding pastdrawing command in the command sequence to “invisible”, wherein the“invisible” attribute of the corresponding past drawing command causessaid drawing command to be skipped during the re-rendering of thedrawing.

In some embodiments, the processing unit 1204 is further configured to:after receiving the undo command, receive (e.g., with the receiving unit1208) a redo command directed to the undo command; and in responsereceiving the redo command, change (e.g., with the changing unit 1218)the visibility attribute of the corresponding past drawing command inthe command sequence to “visible”, wherein the “visible” attribute ofthe corresponding past drawing command causes said drawing command to berendered in a next re-rendering of the drawing.

In some embodiments, the plurality of additional drawing commandsincludes an “erase all” command, and wherein merging the “erase all”command with the plurality of past drawing commands in the commandsequence further comprises: identifying all past drawing commands in thecommand sequence that were present at the first device before receipt ofthe “erase all” command; and changing respective visibility attributesof the identified past drawing commands in the command sequence to“invisible,” wherein the respective “invisible” attributes of theidentified past drawing commands cause said identified past drawingcommands to be skipped during the re-rendering of the drawing.

In some embodiments, the processing unit 1204 is further configured toupdate (e.g., with the updating unit 1210), for each change in arespective visibility status of a respective drawing command, atimestamp associated with the respective drawing command in accordancewith a receipt time of a respective drawing command that triggered thechange in the respective visibility status of the respective drawingcommand.

In some embodiments, merging and sorting the plurality of additionaldrawing commands and the plurality of past drawing commands inaccordance with the respective sequence numbers of the plurality of pastdrawing commands and the plurality of additional drawing commandsfurther includes: comparing respective timestamps assigned to two ormore conflicting drawing commands in the plurality of past drawingcommands and the plurality of additional drawing commands; and selectingone of the two or more conflicting drawing commands for inclusion in theupdated command sequence in lieu of the two or more conflicting drawingcommands, wherein the selected drawing command has a latest timestampamong the respective timestamps assigned to the two or more conflictingdrawing commands.

In some embodiments, the plurality of additional drawing commandsinclude an erase command to erase one or more existing pixels in thedrawing, and updating the command sequence by merging and sorting theplurality of additional drawing commands and the plurality of pastdrawing commands further comprises: sorting the erase command against atleast a first additional drawing command in the plurality of additionaldrawing commands based on the ordering rule, wherein the sorting placesthe erase command after the first additional drawing in the updatedcommand sequence, and wherein re-rendering the drawing furthercomprises: erasing at least some pixels that would have been drawn inaccordance with the first additional drawing command.

In accordance with some embodiments, FIG. 13 shows a functional blockdiagram of an electronic device 1300 configured in accordance with theprinciples of the various described embodiments. The functional blocksof the device are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software,firmware, or a combination thereof to carry out the principles of thevarious described embodiments. It is understood by persons of skill inthe art that the functional blocks described in FIG. 13 are, optionally,combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of thevarious described embodiments. Therefore, the description hereinoptionally supports any possible combination or separation or furtherdefinition of the functional blocks described herein.

As shown in FIG. 13, an electronic device 1300 includes a display unit1302 configured to display a user interface and a processing unit 1304coupled with the display unit 1302. In some embodiments, the processingunit 1304 includes: a maintaining unit 1306, a receiving unit 1308, amodifying unit 1310, a traversing unit 1312, a determining unit 1314, anupdating unit 1316, a rendering unit 1318, and a changing unit 1320.

The processing unit 1304 is configured to maintain (e.g., with themaintaining unit 1306) a directed acyclic graph to represent contentcollaboratively edited by the first device and one or more seconddevices of the multiple collaborating devices. The directed acyclicgraph includes a plurality of nodes each representing a respectivecontent object that is created or edited by one or more of multiplecollaborating devices. Each node is connected to at least oneneighboring node by a respective directed edge in accordance with arelative positional order of the respective content objects representedby the node and the at least one neighboring node. At least a first nodeof the plurality of nodes represents a textual content object and atleast a second node of the plurality of nodes represents a sketchcontent object. Each node representing a corresponding sketch contentobject is associated with a respective command sequence used to createinternal content of the corresponding sketch content object. Theprocessing unit 1304 is further configured to, during a respectivesynchronization period, receive (e.g., with the receiving unit 1308) oneor more editing inputs from one or more devices of the multiplecollaborating devices. The processing unit 1304 is further configured tomodify (e.g., with the modifying unit 1310) the directed acyclic graphbased on relationships between the editing inputs and existing contentobjects embodied in the directed acyclic graph. The processing unit 1304is further configured to traverse (e.g., with the traversing unit 1312)the directed acyclic graph in accordance with a predetermined orderingrule to obtain an object sequence. The processing unit 1304 is furtherconfigured to determine (e.g., with the determining unit 1314) whetherthe one or more editing inputs modifies an existing sketch contentobject represented in the directed acyclic graph. The processing unit1304 is further configured to, in accordance with a determination that afirst editing input of the one or more editing inputs modifies a firstexisting sketch content object represented in the directed acyclicgraph, update (e.g., with the updating unit 1316) a command sequenceassociated with the first existing sketch content object by merging eachindividual drawing command included the first editing input with thecommand sequence associated with the first existing sketch contentobject.

In some embodiments, the processing unit 1304 is further configured torender (e.g., with the rendering unit 1318) the first existing sketchcontent object represented in the modified directed acyclic graph, therendering comprising: determining a global position or state of thefirst existing sketch content object in the content in accordance with atopological traversal of the directed acyclic graph; determining aninternal appearance of the first existing sketch content object inaccordance with the updated command sequence associated with the firstexisting sketch content object; and rendering the first existing sketchcontent in accordance with the determined global position or state ofthe first existing sketch content object and in accordance with thedetermined internal appearance of the first existing sketch contentobject.

In some embodiments, the directed acyclic graph includes multipleparallel paths each including at least one node that represents arespective one of multiple concurrent editing inputs received fromdistinct devices of the multiple collaborating devices.

In some embodiments, each node in the directed acyclic graph includes aunique object sequence number for the respective content objectassociated with the node, and the unique object sequence number includes(1) a unique device identifier for a respective device at which therespective content object was first created, and (2) a local sequencenumber assigned to the respective content object in accordance with alocal order by which the respective content object was first created atsaid respective device.

In some embodiments, for each node representing a sketch content object,the node is associated with a sequence of one or more drawing commandsdirected to the sketch content object, each of the one or more drawingcommands has a respective command sequence number, and the respectivecommand sequence number includes (1) a device identifier for a device atwhich the drawing command was first received, (2) a primary localsequence number representing a local synchronization epoch during whichthe drawing command was first received, and (3) a secondary localsequence number representing an order of the drawing command within thelocal synchronization epoch.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed acyclic graph further comprises: detecting thatthe one or more editing inputs include at least two concurrent insertioninputs between a first node and a second node in the directed acyclicgraph from multiple ones of the multiple collaborating devices, and foreach of the concurrent insertion inputs, creating a respective path fromthe first node to the second node in the directed acyclic graph toinclude one or more nodes represented in the insertion input.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed graph further comprises: detecting that the oneor more editing inputs include a deletion input deleting a contentobject represented by a respective node in the directed acyclic graph;and in response to the deletion input, changing a status of therespective node for the object to “deleted”, wherein the respective nodehaving the “deleted” status is omitted during display rendering of thecontent based on the modified directed acyclic graph.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed acyclic graph further comprises: detecting thatthe one or more editing inputs include an undo input restoring a deletedcontent object represented by a respective node in the directed acyclicgraph, wherein a status of the respective node is a “deleted” status;and in response to the undo input, removing the “deleted” status fromthe respective node for the deleted content object in the directedacyclic graph; and updating a unique object sequence number of therespective node for the deleted content object in the directed acyclicgraph based on a respective timestamp and a respective source deviceassociated with the undo input.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed acyclic graph further comprises: detecting thatthe one or more editing inputs include a style input changing a style ofa content object represented by a respective node in the directedacyclic graph; and in response to the style input, changing a styleattribute of the respective node for the content object in the directedacyclic graph, the style attribute includes a respective style and arespective timestamp associated with the style input.

In some embodiments, modifying the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed acyclic graph further comprises: detecting thatthe one or more editing inputs include at least two concurrent styleinputs changing a style of a content object represented by a respectivenode in the directed acyclic graph, wherein the concurrent style inputsare associated with difference devices and timestamps; and in responseto receiving the concurrent style inputs, changing a style attribute ofthe respective node for said content object in the directed acyclicgraph in accordance with the style input having the latest timestampamong the concurrent style inputs.

In some embodiments, the processing unit 1304 is further configured to:topologically traverse (e.g., with the traversing unit 1312) thedirected acyclic graph in accordance with a predetermined ordering ruleto deterministically sort the plurality of nodes in the directed acyclicgraph into an object sequence; and render (e.g., with the rendering unit1314) the content in accordance with the deterministically obtainedobject sequence for display at the first device.

In some embodiments, topologically traversing the directed acyclic graphin accordance with the predetermined ordering rule to deterministicallysort the plurality of nodes in the directed acyclic graph into theobject sequence further includes: sorting nodes between a starting nodeto an end node of a set of multiple parallel paths by traversing the setof multiple parallel paths in an order based on a comparison betweenrespective lowest object sequence numbers present in each of the set ofmultiple parallel paths.

In some embodiments, the predetermined ordering rule specifies a fixedorder between the unique device numbers of the multiple collaboratingdevices, and affords a higher significance to the unique device numbersthan the local sequence numbers when comparing unique object sequencenumbers.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that a firstediting input of the one or more editing inputs modifies the firstexisting sketch content object represented in the directed acyclicgraph, updating the command sequence associated with the first existingsketch content object by merging each individual drawing commandincluded the first editing input with the command sequence associatedwith the first existing sketch content object further comprises: mergingand sorting each individual drawing command and one or more past drawingcommands in the command sequence in accordance with an ordering rulebased on respective command sequence numbers of the one or more pastdrawing commands and said each individual drawing command, wherein theordering rule gives more significance to the primary local sequencenumber than the device identifier, and gives more significance to thedevice identifier than to the secondary local sequence number whencomparing command sequence numbers.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that a firstediting input of the one or more editing inputs modifies the firstexisting sketch content object represented in the directed acyclicgraph, updating the command sequence associated with the first existingsketch content object by merging each individual drawing commandincluded the first editing input with the command sequence associatedwith the first existing sketch content object further comprises:detecting that the first editing input is an undo command directed to arespective past drawing command in the command sequence; and changing avisibility attribute of the respective past drawing command in thecommand sequence to “invisible,” wherein the “invisible” attribute ofthe respective past drawing command causes said past drawing command tobe skipped during a re-rendering of the existing first sketch contentobject at the first device.

In some embodiments, processing unit 1304 is further configured toreceive (e.g., with the receiving unit 1308) a redo command directed tothe undo command in a later synchronization period; and, in responsereceiving the redo command, processing unit 1304 is further configuredto change (e.g., with the changing unit 1320) the visibility attributeof the respective past drawing command in the command sequence to“visible,” wherein the “visible” attribute of the respective pastdrawing command causes said past drawing command to be rendered in anext re-rendering of the existing first sketch object associated withthe later synchronization period.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that a firstediting input of the one or more editing inputs modifies the firstexisting sketch content object represented in the directed acyclicgraph, updating the command sequence associated with the first existingsketch content object by merging each individual drawing commandincluded the first editing input with the command sequence associatedwith the first existing sketch content object further comprises:detecting that the first editing input is an “erase all” command;identifying all past drawing commands in the command sequence that werepresent at the first device before receipt of the “erase all” command;and changing respective visibility attributes of the identified pastdrawing commands in the command sequence to “invisible,” wherein therespective “invisible” attributes of the identified past drawingcommands cause said identified past drawing commands to be skippedduring a re-rendering of the first existing sketch content object.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that a firstediting input of the one or more editing inputs modifies the firstexisting sketch content object represented in the directed acyclicgraph, updating the command sequence associated with the first existingsketch content object by merging each individual drawing commandincluded the first editing input with the command sequence associatedwith the first existing sketch content object further comprises:detecting that the first editing input is an erase command to erase oneor more existing pixels in the first existing sketch content object; andsorting the erase command against at least a first additional drawingcommand in the editing inputs based on the ordering rule, wherein thesorting places the erase command after the first additional drawing inthe updated command sequence, and wherein re-rendering the firstexisting sketch content object includes erasing at least some pixelsthat would have been drawn in accordance with the first additionaldrawing command.

The operations in the information processing methods described aboveare, optionally implemented by running one or more functional modules ininformation processing apparatus such as general purpose processors(e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS. 1A and 3) or applicationspecific chips.

The operations described above with reference to FIGS. 8A-8D, 9A-9C, and10A-10F are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS.1A-1B or FIG. 3. For example, receiving one or more editing inputsoperation 1004 is, optionally, implemented by event sorter 170, eventrecognizer 180, and event handler 190. Event monitor 171 in event sorter170 detects a contact on touch-sensitive display 112, and eventdispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to application136-1. A respective event recognizer 180 of application 136-1 comparesthe event information to respective event definitions 186, anddetermines whether a first contact at a first location on thetouch-sensitive surface (or whether rotation of the device) correspondsto a predefined event or sub-event, such as selection of an object on auser interface, or rotation of the device from one orientation toanother. When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected,event recognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with thedetection of the event or sub-event. Event handler 190 optionally usesor calls data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update theapplication internal state 192. In some embodiments, event handler 190accesses a respective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by theapplication. Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinaryskill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on thecomponents depicted in FIGS. 1A-1B.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has beendescribed with reference to specific embodiments. However, theillustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modificationsand variations are possible in view of the above teachings. Theembodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and its practical applications, to therebyenable others skilled in the art to best use the invention and variousdescribed embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of supporting collaborative editing,including: at a first device of multiple collaborating devices, whereinthe first device comprises one or more processors, memory, and adisplay, and the first device includes one or more user-interfacedevices for receiving editing inputs from a user of the first device:maintaining a directed acyclic graph to represent contentcollaboratively edited by the first device and one or more seconddevices of the multiple collaborating devices, wherein the directedacyclic graph includes a plurality of nodes each representing arespective content object that is created or edited by one or more ofthe multiple collaborating devices, wherein at least a first node of theplurality of nodes represents a textual content object and at least asecond node of the plurality of nodes represents a sketch contentobject, and wherein each node representing a corresponding sketchcontent object includes a respective command sequence used to createcontent of the corresponding sketch content object; during a respectivesynchronization period, receiving one or more editing inputs from one ormore devices of the multiple collaborating devices; modifying thedirected acyclic graph based on relationships between the editing inputsand existing content objects embodied in the directed acyclic graph;determining whether the one or more editing inputs modifies an existingsketch content object represented in the directed acyclic graph; and inaccordance with a determination that a first editing input of the one ormore editing inputs modifies a first existing sketch content objectrepresented by a first command sequence in a first respective node inthe directed acyclic graph, updating the first command sequence in thefirst respective node by merging each individual drawing commandincluded in the first editing input with the first command sequence toproduce, in the first respective node, an updated first command sequenceof two or more commands that represents the first existing sketchcontent object as modified by the first editing input.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: rendering the first existing sketch contentobject represented in the modified directed acyclic graph, the renderingcomprising: determining a global position or state of the first existingsketch content object in the content in accordance with a topologicaltraversal of the directed acyclic graph; determining an internalappearance of the first existing sketch content object in accordancewith the updated first command sequence in the first respective node;and rendering the first existing sketch content in accordance with thedetermined global position or state of the first existing sketch contentobject and in accordance with the determined internal appearance of thefirst existing sketch content object.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinthe directed acyclic graph includes multiple parallel paths eachincluding at least one node that represents a respective one of multipleconcurrent editing inputs received from distinct devices of the multiplecollaborating devices.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein each node inthe directed acyclic graph includes a unique object sequence number forthe respective content object associated with the node, and wherein theunique object sequence number includes (1) a unique device identifierfor a respective device at which the respective content object was firstcreated, and (2) a local sequence number assigned to the respectivecontent object in accordance with a local order by which the respectivecontent object was first created at said respective device.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, including traversing the directed acyclic graph inaccordance with a predetermined ordering rule to obtain an objectsequence, said traversing including: sorting nodes between a startingnode to an end node of a set of multiple parallel paths in the directedacyclic graph by traversing the set of multiple parallel paths in anorder based on a comparison between respective lowest object sequencenumbers present in each of the set of multiple parallel paths.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein, for each node representing a sketch contentobject, the node includes a sequence of one or more drawing commandsdirected to the sketch content object, each of the one or more drawingcommands has a respective command sequence number, and the respectivecommand sequence number includes (1) a device identifier for a device atwhich the drawing command was first received, (2) a primary localsequence number representing a local synchronization epoch during whichthe drawing command was first received, and (3) a secondary localsequence number representing an order of the drawing command within thelocal synchronization epoch.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein updatingthe first command sequence in the first respective node comprises:merging and sorting each individual drawing command and one or more pastdrawing commands in the first command sequence in accordance with anordering rule based on respective command sequence numbers of the one ormore past drawing commands and said each individual drawing command,wherein the ordering rule gives more significance to the primary localsequence number than the device identifier, and gives more significanceto the device identifier than to the secondary local sequence numberwhen comparing command sequence numbers.
 8. The method of claim 1,wherein modifying the directed acyclic graph based on relationshipsbetween the editing inputs and existing content objects embodied in thedirected acyclic graph further comprises: detecting that the one or moreediting inputs include at least two concurrent insertion inputs betweena first node and a second node in the directed acyclic graph frommultiple ones of the multiple collaborating devices, and for each of theconcurrent insertion inputs, creating a respective path from the firstnode to the second node in the directed acyclic graph to include one ormore nodes represented in the insertion input.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein modifying the directed acyclic graph based on relationshipsbetween the editing inputs and existing content objects embodied in thedirected graph further comprises: detecting that the one or more editinginputs include a deletion input deleting a content object represented bya second respective node in the directed acyclic graph; and in responseto the deletion input, changing a status of the second respective nodefor the object to “deleted”, wherein the second respective node havingthe “deleted” status is omitted during display rendering of the contentbased on the modified directed acyclic graph.
 10. The method of claim 1,wherein modifying the directed acyclic graph based on relationshipsbetween the editing inputs and existing content objects embodied in thedirected acyclic graph further comprises: detecting that the one or moreediting inputs include an undo input restoring a deleted content objectrepresented by a second respective node in the directed acyclic graph,wherein a status of the second respective node is a “deleted” status;and in response to the undo input, removing the “deleted” status fromthe second respective node for the deleted content object in thedirected acyclic graph; and updating a unique object sequence number ofthe second respective node for the deleted content object in thedirected acyclic graph based on a respective timestamp and a respectivesource device associated with the undo input.
 11. The method of claim 1,wherein modifying the directed acyclic graph based on relationshipsbetween the editing inputs and existing content objects embodied in thedirected acyclic graph further comprises: detecting that the one or moreediting inputs include a style input changing a style of a contentobject represented by a second respective node in the directed acyclicgraph; and in response to the style input, changing a style attribute ofthe second respective node for the content object in the directedacyclic graph, wherein the style attribute includes a respective styleand a respective timestamp associated with the style input.
 12. Themethod of claim 1, wherein modifying the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed acyclic graph further comprises: detecting thatthe one or more editing inputs include at least two concurrent styleinputs changing a style of a content object represented by a secondrespective node in the directed acyclic graph, wherein the concurrentstyle inputs are associated with difference devices and timestamps; andin response to receiving the concurrent style inputs, changing a styleattribute of the second respective node for said content object in thedirected acyclic graph in accordance with the style input having alatest timestamp among the concurrent style inputs.
 13. The method ofclaim 1, wherein updating the first command sequence in the firstrespective node comprises: detecting that the first editing input is anundo command directed to a respective past drawing command in the firstcommand sequence; and changing a visibility attribute of the respectivepast drawing command in the first command sequence to “invisible”,wherein the “invisible” attribute of the respective past drawing commandcauses said past drawing command to be skipped during a re-rendering ofthe first existing sketch content object at the first device.
 14. Themethod of claim 13, further comprising: receiving a redo commanddirected to the undo command in a later synchronization period; and inresponse receiving the redo command, changing the visibility attributeof the respective past drawing command in the first command sequence to“visible”, wherein the “visible” attribute of the respective pastdrawing command causes said past drawing command to be rendered in anext re-rendering of the first existing sketch object associated withthe later synchronization period.
 15. A first electronic device,comprising: a display; one or more processors; memory; and one or moreprograms, wherein the first electronic device includes one or moreuser-interface devices for receiving editing inputs from a user of thefirst electronic device, and the one or more programs are stored in thememory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, theone or more programs including instructions for: maintaining a directedacyclic graph to represent content collaboratively edited by the firstelectronic device and one or more second electronic devices of multiplecollaborating devices, wherein the directed acyclic graph includes aplurality of nodes each representing a respective content object that iscreated or edited by one or more of the multiple collaborating devices,wherein at least a first node of the plurality of nodes represents atextual content object and at least a second node of the plurality ofnodes represents a sketch content object, and wherein each noderepresenting a corresponding sketch content object includes a respectivecommand sequence used to create content of the corresponding sketchcontent object; during a respective synchronization period, receivingone or more editing inputs from one or more devices of the multiplecollaborating devices; modifying the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed acyclic graph; determining whether the one ormore editing inputs modifies an existing sketch content objectrepresented in the directed acyclic graph; and in accordance with adetermination that a first editing input of the one or more editinginputs modifies a first existing sketch content object represented by afirst command sequence in a first respective node in the directedacyclic graph, updating the first command sequence in the firstrespective node by merging each individual drawing command included inthe first editing input with the first command sequence to produce, inthe first respective node, an updated first command sequence of two ormore commands that represents the first existing sketch content objectas modified by the first editing input.
 16. The first electronic deviceof claim 15, wherein the one or more programs further includeinstructions for: rendering the first existing sketch content objectrepresented in the modified directed acyclic graph, the renderingcomprising: determining a global position or state of the first existingsketch content object in the content in accordance with a topologicaltraversal of the directed acyclic graph; determining an internalappearance of the first existing sketch content object in accordancewith the updated first command sequence in the first respective node;and rendering the first existing sketch content in accordance with thedetermined global position or state of the first existing sketch contentobject and in accordance with the determined internal appearance of thefirst existing sketch content object.
 17. The first electronic device ofclaim 15, wherein the directed acyclic graph includes multiple parallelpaths each including at least one node that represents a respective oneof multiple concurrent editing inputs received from distinct devices ofthe multiple collaborating devices.
 18. The first electronic device ofclaim 15, wherein each node in the directed acyclic graph includes aunique object sequence number for the respective content objectassociated with the node, and wherein the unique object sequence numberincludes (1) a unique device identifier for a respective device at whichthe respective content object was first created, and (2) a localsequence number assigned to the respective content object in accordancewith a local order by which the respective content object was firstcreated at said respective device.
 19. The first electronic device ofclaim 15, wherein the one or more programs include instructions fortraversing the directed acyclic graph in accordance with a predeterminedordering rule to obtain an object sequence, said traversing including:sorting nodes between a starting node to an end node of a set ofmultiple parallel paths in the directed acyclic graph by traversing theset of multiple parallel paths in an order based on a comparison betweenrespective lowest object sequence numbers present in each of the set ofmultiple parallel paths.
 20. The first electronic device of claim 15,wherein, for each node representing a sketch content object, the nodeincludes a sequence of one or more drawing commands directed to thesketch content object, each of the one or more drawing commands has arespective command sequence number, and the respective command sequencenumber includes (1) a device identifier for a device at which thedrawing command was first received, (2) a primary local sequence numberrepresenting a local synchronization epoch during which the drawingcommand was first received, and (3) a secondary local sequence numberrepresenting an order of the drawing command within the localsynchronization epoch.
 21. The first electronic device of claim 20,wherein updating the first command sequence in the first respective nodecomprises: merging and sorting each individual drawing command and oneor more past drawing commands in the first command sequence inaccordance with an ordering rule based on respective command sequencenumbers of the one or more past drawing commands and said eachindividual drawing command, wherein the ordering rule gives moresignificance to the primary local sequence number than the deviceidentifier, and gives more significance to the device identifier than tothe secondary local sequence number when comparing command sequencenumbers.
 22. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storingone or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions,which when executed by a first electronic device with a display, thefirst electronic device including one or more user-interface devices forreceiving editing inputs from a user of the first electronic device,cause the first electronic device to: maintain a directed acyclic graphto represent content collaboratively edited by the first electronicdevice and one or more second electronic devices of multiplecollaborating devices, wherein the directed acyclic graph includes aplurality of nodes each representing a respective content object that iscreated or edited by one or more of the multiple collaborating devices,wherein at least a first node of the plurality of nodes represents atextual content object and at least a second node of the plurality ofnodes represents a sketch content object, and wherein each noderepresenting a corresponding sketch content object includes a respectivecommand sequence used to create content of the corresponding sketchcontent object; during a respective synchronization period, receive oneor more editing inputs from one or more devices of the multiplecollaborating devices; modify the directed acyclic graph based onrelationships between the editing inputs and existing content objectsembodied in the directed acyclic graph; determine whether the one ormore editing inputs modifies an existing sketch content objectrepresented in the directed acyclic graph; and in accordance with adetermination that a first editing input of the one or more editinginputs modifies a first existing sketch content object represented by afirst command sequence in a first respective node in the directedacyclic graph, update the first command sequence in the first respectivenode by merging each individual drawing command included in the firstediting input with the first command sequence to produce, in the firstrespective node, an updated first command sequence of two or morecommands that represents the first existing sketch content object asmodified by the first editing input.
 23. The non-transitory computerreadable storage medium of claim 22, wherein the one or more programsfurther include instructions, which when executed by the firstelectronic device with a display, cause the first electronic device to:render the first existing sketch content object represented in themodified directed acyclic graph, the rendering comprising: determining aglobal position or state of the first existing sketch content object inthe content in accordance with a topological traversal of the directedacyclic graph; determining an internal appearance of the first existingsketch content object in accordance with the updated first commandsequence in the first respective node; and rendering the first existingsketch content in accordance with the determined global position orstate of the first existing sketch content object and in accordance withthe determined internal appearance of the first existing sketch contentobject.
 24. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim22, wherein the directed acyclic graph includes multiple parallel pathseach including at least one node that represents a respective one ofmultiple concurrent editing inputs received from distinct devices of themultiple collaborating devices.
 25. The non-transitory computer readablestorage medium of claim 22, wherein each node in the directed acyclicgraph includes a unique object sequence number for the respectivecontent object associated with the node, and wherein the unique objectsequence number includes (1) a unique device identifier for a respectivedevice at which the respective content object was first created, and (2)a local sequence number assigned to the respective content object inaccordance with a local order by which the respective content object wasfirst created at said respective device.
 26. The non-transitory computerreadable storage medium of claim 22, wherein the one or more programsinclude instructions for traversing the directed acyclic graph inaccordance with a predetermined ordering rule to obtain an objectsequence, said traversing including: sorting nodes between a startingnode to an end node of a set of multiple parallel paths in the directedacyclic graph by traversing the set of multiple parallel paths in anorder based on a comparison between respective lowest object sequencenumbers present in each of the set of multiple parallel paths.
 27. Thenon-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein,for each node representing a sketch content object, the node includes asequence of one or more drawing commands directed to the sketch contentobject, each of the one or more drawing commands has a respectivecommand sequence number, and the respective command sequence numberincludes (1) a device identifier for a device at which the drawingcommand was first received, (2) a primary local sequence numberrepresenting a local synchronization epoch during which the drawingcommand was first received, and (3) a secondary local sequence numberrepresenting an order of the drawing command within the localsynchronization epoch.
 28. The non-transitory computer readable storagemedium of claim 27, wherein updating the first command sequence in thefirst respective node comprises: merging and sorting each individualdrawing command and one or more past drawing commands in the firstcommand sequence in accordance with an ordering rule based on respectivecommand sequence numbers of the one or more past drawing commands andsaid each individual drawing command, wherein the ordering rule givesmore significance to the primary local sequence number than the deviceidentifier, and gives more significance to the device identifier than tothe secondary local sequence number when comparing command sequencenumbers.